AP US History Notes Notes

1 - Colonial Period

New World beginnings - Bering Land Bridge brought migrators, millions by 1490, over 2000 cultures, nomadic tribes, maize cultivation, foraging, hunting supported economic and socialization

The Three Sisters - idea to sustain by mutually beneficial relationships - use different nutrients, support each other - corn, beans, squash

Tribes were still advanced, had towns, roads, pueblos, societies used agricultural and hunter gatherer, used permanent villages, iroquois used one government - algonquin culture,

various stories of early discovery - vikings at newfoundland

Hernan cortes conquers tenochtitlan

Encomienda system - basically spanish version of plantation slavery but with native americans - (spanish labor system that rewarded conquerors with the labor of non-christian peoples

Jamestown, virginia was the first successful british colony - spanish came for money, british came to stay

English voyages as early as 1497

Hakluyt letter - letter to queen elizabeth I with reasons for colonizing america: enlargement of the gospel, resources, rid england of their poor, block spain, seek northwest passage to asia

Roanoke was their first attempt - no one knows what happened

Charter of the virginia company (joint stock) - jamestown was guaranteed the same rights as englishmen in england (revolution, taxed without representation), provision was incorporated into future colonists documents

John smith, dictator and mercenary, brings order to jamestown, pocahontas “saves” him

Widowarchy - high mortality rate in jamestown among fathers and husbands left women with unusual autonomy and wealth - women with almost equal status

The Powhatan confederacy, ruled by one chief (powhatan) who protected them, expected to do the same with jamestown. Relations grew worse, had first anglo-powhatan war, had period of peace sealed by marriage of pocahontas to john rolfe

(Rolfe brought tobacco to jamestown)

VA co. later called for perpetual war against natives, reduced native pop. and drove them west

Second war was last effort, peace treaty of 1646 drove natives away and separated settlement areas

Indentured servitude - had a contract to sell themselves for 5/7 years in exchange for passage

Headright system - says anyone who comes to america gets 50 free acres of land, incentive for people to come

Tobacco had vital role in virginia economy, ruined the soil when continuously planted, chained economy on 1 crop, promoted use of plantation system

House of burgesses - colony’s first representative democracy, control of militia, finances, were eventually able to create laws, a council within appointed by royal governor, james I grew hostile to virginia, hated tobacco, distrusted house of burgesses, he revoked the charter of the bankrupt VA co. and it became a royal colony

Beginnings of slavery - first africans arrived in 1617, status was unclear, wasn’t that important until end of 1600s, as number of slaves increase white colonists perceived racial threat, slavery transformed into economic and racial institution, accelerates, black slaves outnumbered white indentured servants by 80s

Slave codes - laws during colonial that would restrict slaves, made them property for life, chattel lifelong slavery criminalized teaching them to read/write, converting to christianity no longer gave them freedom

Late 1600s large numbers of ex servants in chesapeake area, virginia assembly disenfranchised most landless men

Nathaniel bacon’s rebellion - led by 1000 virginians against gov. Berkeley, rebels resented berkeley’s closeness with the natives, he monopolized fur trade

Bacon leads attack against natives, berkeley driven from jamestown, jamestown burned, bacon suddenly died of fever, berkeley crushed rebellion and hanged 20, showed resentment between haves and have nots - ex servants - those in power turn to black slaves

Maryland (catholic) - royal charter given to lord of baltimore, english civil war, established for catholics as refuge, proprietary (one or a few own it) colony founded, healthier location than jamestown, plan was to govern from england with feudal system, colonists were only willing to come for land

Catholic land barons surrounded by protestants, black slaves began to be imported , baltimore permitted high degree of freedom of worship to prevent persecution

Toleration act of 1649 - granted toleration to all christians, decreed death to those who denied christianity

Key concepts - differences b/w different groups in new england and beliefs, compare/contrast with chesapeake, connection with what's happening in england, puritan society changing relationship with natives

Separatists and puritans - both are calvinists, believed in predestination, thought that their own actions showed where they would go, sought conversion experience

Puritans - wanted to purify the church of england, reformation hadn’t gone far enough, grew impatient with slow process

Separatists - predestination, because church of england enrolled all the kings subjects, they were sharing churches with the “damned”, said it damned the church of england, reality: puritans actions of leaving made them separatists

The mayflower - first went to the netherlands, but worried their children would become Dutch, decided to go to the new world, negotiated with VA co. to settle in its jurisdiction, Plymouth bay outside the jurisdiction of VA co. intentionally?

Landed in plymouth as squatters without legal right to land, to govern themselves

Mayflower compact - store and signed an agreement on the vessel to form a crude government and submit to majority rule, led to adult male settlers meeting in assemblies to make laws in town meetings

Covenant theology - covenant (promise) of grace between puritan communities and god, social covenant between puritans and each other, needed mutual watchfulness, no toleration of disorder, no privacy

First year in plymouth - winter killed many, none chose to leave, had first “thanksgiving” colony survived with fur, fish, lumber, plymouth stayed small and economically unimportant, merged with massachusetts bay

William bradford - 30 time governor of plymouth, separatist

Nonseperatists get royal charter to form MA bay colony, wanted to escape conservative attacks in church of england, didn’t want to leave church, just impurities, established boston as hub

Great migration of 1630s - turmoil in england (eng. Civil war) sent about 20000 puritans to america

John winthrop - will off attorney and manor lord in england, first governor of massachusetts, devout puritan, said he had a calling to lead there, wanted to create a perfect society and be example for england - city on a hill

Patriarchy - authoritarian father figures controlled household, ministers controlled church congregations, women held no voice in church and couldn't help select ministers

Roger Williams - young popular minister in Salem, argued for full break from anglican church, condemned MA bay charter, as it did not give fair compensation to natives, denied authority of civil govt. To regulate religious behavior, found guilty of preaching war and was exiled

Rebels - anne hutchinson, intelligent, threatened patriarchal control

Antinomianism - belief in direct revelation (god speaks directly to you)

she had trial, confounded puritan leaders for days, said she received gifts from god, banished went to RI and NY, killed in indian attack - john winthrop saw god’s hand in it

Puritans vs natives - natives weak in NE (¾ gone) wampanoags befriended

Settlers

Pequots - very powerful tribe - pequot war - whites w/ narragansetts, attack pequot village on river, set fire to home and shot fleeing survivors, tribe virtually annihilated ], uneasy peace lasted for 40 years

King philip's war (metacom) - plymouth pressing land preserves, insults to the native, united natives and attacked white settlements in NE

metacom's war - cause: growing tensions b/w natives and whites effect: debating shutting down MA bay and NE colonies, brutal war, 2000 deaths. metacom's alliance breaks up - highest loss of life in the colonies (by %), natives lost, english beheaded metacom, never another serious threat in NE from natives

Ny, dutch, new netherlands, new amsterdam, major power challenge in england on the sea = 3 major anglo-arten wars

New netherlands along hudson, established as business for fur trade company town - international trading hub

Characteristics - patroonships, feudal estates granted to promoters who would settle 50 people, dutch want to rid of swedes, peter stuyvesant (dutch) to attack swedes, swedes leave, new netherland takes it

Pennsylvania - quakers 0 called quakers b/c they “quaked” during intense religious practices, they offended religious and nonreligious leaders in england - refused to pay taxes to church of england, met without paid clergy, all were children of god so they didn't treat upper class with difference - pacifists

William penn - aristocratic englishman, converted to quaker faith, embraced it after military service, received grant from king to create colony, (settled debt king owed his father) named pennsylvania, advertised for settlers w/ honests pamphlets, bought land from native, paid fair price, quakers went in w/ them unarmed, but non quakers flooded in who treated natives poorly, undermined quakers,

Gov. of Pennsylvania, representative assembly elected by landowners, no tax supported church, freedom of worship guaranteed to all (only them and RI did) later forced to deny right to vote and hold office to catholics and jews by english govt. Death penalty (only for treason and murde)r

Society attracted many different types of people ( religious misfits from other colonies) no provision for military defense, no restrictions on immigration, no slavery, blue laws - against plays, cards, dice, excessive hilarity, etc. on the sabbath

New jersey - aristocratic proprietors received area from duke of york, many NE people move to nj after ruined soil from tobacco, west nj sold to quakers, east nj later gotten by quake\rs, later combines into nj

Delaware - named for de la warr, close to pa, later granted own assembly, under control of pa until revolution

Carolinas - farmers from west indies came for agriculture, brought black slaves and barbados slave trade, named for charles II, granted caroliva as proprietary colony

Had close ties to west indies, used local savannah tribes to enslave other natives and sent to west indies/ne, savannahs migrated to ph, carolinians carried out genocide against savannahs and killed most

Rice was primary export, black slaves were a majority in carolina

Indigo also grown, main use was as dye, conflict with spanish florida - spain hated the protestants on their borders

Anglo-Spanish wars- Spanish conducted border raids, carolina had large pop. carolinas later split

Georgia - founded last, named for George II, founded by james oglethorpe, created as a buffer colon bW carolinas and spanish, got money from british govt. For defense, a haven for those in debtors prison, determined to keep slavery out, slavery found in ga in 1750

Savannah - diverse community, religious toleration, missionaries worked among debtors and natives - john wesley founded methodism

Seven years war - england and france fought on and off for years, competition for colonies (mercantilism) - economic theory that countries need to export more than they import

Enter george washington, attacks a diplomatic party on mission to evict french, loss at ft. necessity,

Major general edward braddock - british commander, unsuccessful expedition at ft. duquesne left colials unsure of their safety

William pitt - new british leader intent on winning, key to long term victory was canada, loans to pay colonists/mercenaries, won but england broke (taxes on colonists)

Albany congress - franklin calls upon the colonists to discuss war - first joint meeting of the colonies - plan of union proposed joint taxation, defense, indian affairs - rejected - (radical)

Treaty of paris - ended the war, france lost canadian possessions, empires in india, claims east of mississippi, spain got french lands in new orleans but lost florida to england

England - got french land in canada, rights to slave trade, commercial dominance in england - worldwide empire

French presence in n. America gone, eng. Holdings increased, colonials were bitter, eng. Military presence in colonies, - eng. Law says no standing army in peacetime, england felt they needed to reorganize her colonies

Royal proclamation of 1763 - forbids colonial movement past appalachians and those here musts return (to prevent another war, colonists mad)

War made colonial unity, socializing experience, made bitter feeling toward british

Pontiac’s rebellion - natives decide they didn't want to be associated with british, pontiacs at ft. detroit, spreads to ft. pitt - gives natives smallpox infested blankets

Navigation acts of 1663 - all goods pass through england on english ships - concept of salutary neglect - laws they choose not to enforce - british govt. Measures to prevent smuggling - writs of assistance - open-ended warrant to search for illegal stuff, james otis (lawyer) said private property is more important than parliamentary statute

He lost and they said parliament law had equal value

Real whigs - how much power does parliament have? Absolute or limited? How could colonies give consent to laws w/o representation ? (does virtual representation count)

2 - Revolutionary Period

Stamp act - put tax on documents, effected businessmen and lawyers,

Loyal nine - people who came together to organize resistance, turned into sons of liberty - group who were unhappy with govt

Stamp act congress - Declaration of rights and grievances - colonies unified and decided not to purchase anything with the tax, declaration said only colonial assemblies can tax, wanted trial by jury, not admiralty courts, colonists have rights of england, parliament isn't representing them

Stamp act repealed

Declaratory act - parliament declared that they have the rights to do what the colonies said they couldn’t

William penn and charles townshend - shift from paying taxes for war debts to paying colonial governments salaries (made colonies pay for troops), taxes imports - paper paint lead glass tea and increase custom officials at ports(makes stuff more expensive, businesses suffer, including english manufacturers)

Response - john dickinson - letters from a farmer in pennsylvania, said colonies are internally sovereign

Nonimportation movement - didn’t buy stuff, unified colonies, daughters of liberty, spinning bees - start of manufacturing in america,

Riots against customs agents - john hanco*ck’s ship, the liberty, seized with writ of assistance, riots, 4000 british troops sent to boston, those in nonimportation movement were patriots

Boston massacre - riot between unarmed colonists and redcoats, colonists fired upon, 5 dead, news spreads and angers colonists

Gaspee incident - providence, british customs boat to enforce acts against smuggling, hated ship and crew, ship tries to arrest smuggler who lures it into shallow water so its stuck, sons of liberty board ship and put the crew on rowboats and burned the hms gaspee, british navy comes to arrest, completely get away with it

Committees of correspondence - spread nonimportation, warned other colonies about incidents with british, broadened resistance movement

Townshend acts repealed, tea act stays

Tea act - british east india co. makes too much tea, monopoly on imports, members of parliament hold shares, permitted to see only through agents in colonies (could only buy from them)

Lord north (british prime minister) expected colonists to be happy, no one unloaded the tea. Boston governor demanded that it be unloaded, sons of liberty dress up as natives and go onboard the vessels without resistance, throw $1 million of tea into boston harbor (boston tea party)

Coercive (intolerable) acts - wanted to crack down on boston

Boston port act - stops anything going in or out of boston port

Government act - shut down massachusetts colonial assembly

New quartering act - lets troops take over private homes/buildings

Administration of justice act - shuts down massachusetts court, replaced by royal/independent courts

First continental congress - colonists together, called to philadelphia, 55 delegates from 12 colonies, canada and georgia skipped, agenda: how to respond to coercive acts, 1 vote per colony

Suffolk resolves - declaration that rejected the massachusetts government act, boycott english goods, began to form militias, agree to meet next may to see if it worked

Battle of lexington and concord - british go to lexington to arrest smugglers sam adams and john hanco*ck, militia meets them, no one knows who fired first, battle, british move to concord and burn supplies, small battle happens, retreat to boston

Siege of boston and bunker (breed’s) hill - british prepare to attack rebels on breed's hill, decide to do frontal assault instead of cutting them off, set fire to charlestown, colonist open fire and target officers, second assaults took down most redcoats, brush won during their assault, british take many casualties

Second continental congress - had to vote leader of the military, george washington, virginian, voted in, unifies colonies by having a non new englander leader

Olive branch petition - gives loyalty to king, asks him to intervene in parliament, george III refuses to read petition, is mad colonists demand anything of him (english law says petitions are heard - rights as englishmen denied)

Proclamation of rebellion - george III said colonists were rebelling, basically declares war on them and asks for money for foreign mercenaries to stop rebellion (they ask for peace, he declares war)

Common sense - book/pamphlet by thomas paine, lays argument as to how the king is behind everything and breaks their rights and calls for independence

Second continental congress begins to draft declaration of independence (later)

John adams wanted independence, proposal by richard henry lee of virginia says the colonies should be free and resolution proposed that it should be unanimous and not majority

Debate issues - treason, slavery - beginnings of sectionalism

Declaration of independence - to the king and the world, an appeal and justification, wanted to appeal to france and spain as potential allies - said how the king broke the social contract (says people are owed their natural rights, and if the government takes them away they have a right to overthrow)

No colony had successfully rebelled against their mother country - george washington, general in charge of army, never makes the same mistake twice

British advantages - naval power, military, funding, manpower, economy, loyalist opposition, organized government, native allies

American advantages - home field advantage, allies with france and spain, troops have motivation/cause, george washington

Trenton and princeton - to go over delaware and attack trenton, lack of secrecy washington needed victory, surprise against the hated hessians, victory over hessian, but they warn the british, army trapped, withdraws into princeton secretly, british collapse gives men hope and enlistments up

Saratoga campaign - plan to siege new england, does not go to british plan - burgoyne led troops south to new york and hoped to meet some coming north, don’t come, left outnumbered - turning point in war, plan was too hard and british defeated, leads to french entry in the war, first time major british army loses to american army, where the british can no longer realistically win the war

Tarleton’s army stabs surrendering americans with bayonets at cowpens

The south becomes a decisive campaign, british take carolina and south, leads to defeat of the british (yorktown)

Yorktown - cornwallis needs navy to evacuate but wasn't there, french navy was, cornwallis doomed without navy, they come but can't break through the french, cornwallis tries to escape and surrender (end of fighting)

Treaty of paris of 1783 - adams, franklin, jay - us gains recognition as independent, british lost territory east of mississippi, british withdrawal, compensation promised to loyalist for lost property (govt has no money/tax so cant raise money, so british don't take their troops out)

Articles of confederation - first american government - reaction government, reaction to what they knew they didn’t like and did the opposite

Confederation - weak central government with power given by the states

Legislature - no chief executive, no power to levy taxes, no money to run government, other countries take advantage, no way to pay war debt

Push for equality during and after war - some called for abolition of slavery (enlightenment) - pennsylvania’s gradual abolition law (1780), prohibited importation, gave freedom at certain age, children born free, model for states to follow - increased calls for political democracy - abigail adams “remember the ladies” equality for women, judith sargent murray advocated education for females

Republican motherhood - women supposed to give republican values to children and families, increased educational opportunities

Impact of revolution and declaration of independence on world - inspired revolutions around the world (french revolution 1789, haitian rev. - toussaint l’ouverture 1804 slave rebellion, latin american spanish colonies gained independence)

Articles of confederation again - had no national judiciary, couldnt settle disputes among states, 9/13 states needed to make laws, nothing got done

Northwest ordinance - had individual states stop making claims to land and have the government divy it up, had path to statehood

13/13 had to agree to amend, almost impossible to change government structure

Money - 14 currencies in circulation with little value

Newburgh conspiracy - no military pensions, back pay, congress broke, officers call on washington to march to philadelphia and take over government, washington furious and officers hold meeting, washington talks (“I have gone blind in service of my country”) and they stop - washington could have become a king but turned it down

Shays’ rebellion - serious threat to new government - daniel shays, military vet and farmer - causes: lack of exports, high property taxes on land, paid only in specie (money backed by something) - shays mad that they can take property, march on country and states armory, becomes national crisis because there's no army to stop them, mercenaries hired to stop it - shows elites what's happening and that government needs to be changed - scares enough people

Annapolis convention - to talk about changes to government - only 5 come, decide to try again next year

Shays rebellion happens

Philadelphia convention - to revise the articles of confederation, needed congress and 13/13 to revise, bunch of randos deciding on government - george washington made president of constitutional convention

Compromise - both sides agree to give up something to gain something

They realize the articles need to be scrapped

North and south mostly separated by slavery

Primary issues - representation, slavery

Virginia plan - bicameral legislature with representation by population

New jersey plan - unicameral legislature, 1 state, 1 vote

Impasse they cant reach

Ben franklin gets both sides to realize the only thing worse than compromise is to not compromise

Connecticut plan (great compromise) - sets up bicameral legislature, house of representatives based on population, people directly elect, senate with 2 votes per state - do they count the slaves?

⅗ compromise - representation by whole # of free people and ⅗ of all others (slaves)

Slave trade - cannot be banned for 20 years

Ratification needs 9/13, federalists papers - 85 essays by madison, jay, hamilton “publius”

Federalist 10 - in a government with smaller populations factions can occur and take over, in a large pond they compete and compromise

Federalist 39 - explains federalism

Federalist 51 - checks and balances

Anti Federalist - arguments against a strong national government, concerned about inability to serve the needs of diverse populace - distant and out of touch, danger of its grasping power and destroying rights

3 - Federalist Period

Precedent - establishing a standard for others to follow

Establishing government - president/executive - dignity and power, cabinet (not in constitution)

Hamilton - secretary of treasury

Knox - secretary of war and indian affairs

Jefferson - secretary of state

Randolph - attorney general

Hamilton and jefferson - beginnings of political parties, didn’t get along

Federalists - wanted strong central government, loose constructionists (if the constitution doesn't say they can’t, they can), anglophiles

Democratic-republicans - wanted power in the states, strict constructionists (if the constitution doesn’t say they can, they can’t), francophiles

Financial system - (hamilton) - report on public credit - deficit of $71 million ($12 trillion today)

Funding - pay back debt to everyone - other countries, citizens who loaned money - people who bought off others debt would make a killing (speculators)

Assumption - for the national government to assume (take on) states individual debt - made the states dependent on national government, needed it to work

Put an excise tax on whiskey to pay off debt

Paid off in 1803, deal for new capitol in the south

National bank - hamilton’s idea to hold taxes/debt, hamilton believed we had a future in industry but need money for industrialism

Protective tariffs - tax put on imported goods so that people would buy american products

Jefferson’s agriculture ideal vs hamilton’s manufacturing

Whiskey rebellion - tax on alcohol produced, farmers rioted against tax collectors, openly against us government, hamilton gets washington to give him an army to go to pennsylvania, farmers decide to pay taxes - opportunity to show the power of the national government

Foreign policy - british inciting natives in nw territories (western lakes confederacy) - built by tec*mseh to bring together natives against US (resist expansion)

Battle of fallen timbers - anthony wayne sent to deal with problem and remove threat of the natives, natives confront americans, and defeated and pushed back

Treaty of greenville - southeastern ⅔ of ohio ceded to us, peace for 15 years, tec*mseh mad at his brother for what he did while tec*mseh was gone

Citizen genet and the french revolution - genet sent as ambassador to try and pull america into the napoleonic wars with britain, genet goes to charlestown instead of straight to washington and tries to recruit americans for privateers (american ships that sail on behalf of french and attack british ships) - america not prepared/ready for war

Genet meets with washington, washington tells him to stop and he doesn't, french get new government and send new ambassador and tell genet to return, genet asks washington to stay and he lets him, marries a governor's daughter and lives in ny

Proclamation of neutrality - statement that american is neutral and should be able to trade with both sides, those at war don't like it, british implement their rule of 1756, which declared neutral ships trading with the enemy enemy ships

Jay’s treaty with britain - sent to negotiate treaty, get british out of US, stop ships getting taken, hamilton sent letter to england about what they are negotiating - could be seen as act of treason - poor treaty for US

Treaty: british evacuation from nw territory (already should have done so, as said in treaty of paris), british kept right to trade with natives, british promise to stop impressing US sailors (kidnapping them from their ships and forcing them into the british navy because they said once a british citizen, always a british citizen - makes them eligible for british navy), US will pay for property seized during revolutionary war, british won't interfere with navigation of mississippi (can't promise that - only spain can), didn’t address seizing of neutral shipping

Protests against jay for treaty

Washington takes treaty to congress personally, demands they ratify it, storms out when they have to debate - sets precedent for power of president

Pinckney treaty - spain worried that they would be forced out of americas, spanish thought there was an alliance to force them out - good treaty negotiated for US - right to navigate mississippi river without interference, US farmers gained right of deposit at new orleans without tax, northern border of florida set at 31st parallel

Emergence of political press federalist gazette of united states vs republican national gazette - washington decides not to run for president again, established power and limitations of presidency - no one greater than people’s democracy

Washington’s farewell address - letter gives advice - says no foreign alliances, beware of political parties

Adam’s presidency - election of 1796 - “xyz” affair and quasi-war with france - adams sent associates to make peace with france after treaties with england, three frenchmen won't arrange meeting without being bribed, adams doesn't want anyone to know and congress finds out and puts out report, calls french x y and z, french mad and forced to cut off diplomatic affairs, go to war

Quasi (sort of) war - only congress can declare war, go into undeclared war with france on oceans, congress mad, “high” federalists push for war, ends with convention of 1800 - recognition to stop fighting

Alien and sedition acts - adams signs off

Sedition - crime of undermining government - can't say anything against government (1st amendment)

Alien - extents wait on right for immigrants to vote, expulsion of immigrant for breaking sedition

Kentucky and virginia resolutions - jefferson and madison in response to federalists congress, states that states can nullify any law they see to be unconstitutional (basically just say no to laws) said constitution is compact - ratified by states so they have power over it - seen as extreme and others don't go along (confederacy in 1861?)

Political parties and elections - election of 1800 - adams v jefferson v burr, becomes nasty election, political press involved, jefferson and burr tied in electoral votes, constitution says it goes to house of representatives, every state and 1 vote and need a majority of the states - no majority, vote 35 times (if they don't decide the government will fail) adjourn, representatives talk, try to make deal, hamilton encourages delaware to abstain the vote, jefferson barely wins, not certain if federalists would peacefully transfer power, was peaceful transition - important, establishes precedent

democratic republicans have presidency and congress

Federalists fill judiciary with federalists “midnight judges” - approving judges on last night of presidency

Judiciary act of 1789 - creates authority of courts, marbury v madison - “judicial review” - marbury’s paperwork for judgeship not delivered, madison finds and doesn’t deliver, marburg mad and tries to sue, goes to supreme court but they don’t have precedents yet, concern is federalist court and democratic republican president who can overturn their ruling, jefferson adjourns supreme court and know if they rule with marbury the president won't enforce it, supreme court says a portion of judiciary act is unconstitutional, power of the supreme court - starts to rule on the constitutionality of laws and rules

Jefferson as president - louisiana purchase/westward expansion - monroe and livingston arrange purchase from napoleon for $15 million, pinckney “right of deposit” were supposed to buy new orleans for $2 million (treaty with french and spanish, french bought it, worried if they could use it

Jefferson is a strict constructionist, (hypocrite?)

Lewis and clark and the corps of discovery - sent on expedition to explore louisiana and find all water route to west coast, met natives (sacagawea) made maps, found no northwest passage, gone 2.5 years, everyone thought they were dead

Barbary wars - n. African (barbary) states extort tribute on merchant ships (make others pay money to guarantee passage and not take ships)

Jefferson didn’t like it, sends vessels to mediterranean, uss philadelphia captured, stephen decatur, sails into harbor, burns philadelphia, 400 marines capture fortress, tripoli shelled and pasha signs treaty - undeclared war by jefferson

War of 1812 - lead up - commerce at sea, both french and british do not accept us right to trade with both sides, ships seized by french and british - impressment of sailors by british

chesapeake-leopard affair - us ship v british ship, jefferson cuts back military funding - 4 sailors taunt leopard, wait for chesapeake, leopard intercepts it, british demand they be turned over, open fire, several killed, jefferson says they aren’t prepared for war, british apologize and give back sailors

Embargo acts - stops american ships from leaving (damages new england, leads to depression, ne unhappy with jefferson)

Nonintercourse acts - no trade with either france or britain until they agree to stop assaulting us ships

Macon’s bill no. 2 restores trade but offers non-intercourse with one if the other respects neutral rights (british keep attacking ships) (madison president)

honor /national pride - canada - war hawks want war for national pride, think canada should be ours - henry clay dominates us politics

Us war aims - tell everyone their aims - neutral ships can trade with everyone without being attacked, british stop trading with natives in west, natives out of west, focus on canada

Realities - us military unprepared (lack of funding from jefferson), divisions at home - war unpopular in ne (they just fixed their economy and loses their trade again)

Ne response - many illegally trade with britain, refused to make loans to us government to support war effort, feeble response to calls for troops

1812 summary - detroit - us defeated, montreal - us defeated, british navy blockades east - 90% of trade cut off, ne opposition to war continues

1813 - ft. stephenson - brit attempt to regain support of natives (tec*mseh), york (toronto, capitol) burned to ground, thames (detroit) - british attack americans, tec*mseh killed, us victory - native confederacy falls

Lake erie - oliver h perry, order to defend great lakes, builds navy with inexperienced sailors, brit have first fleet, aren’t there next morning, when they return us is ready and british try to withdraw, battle, s defeats, secures northern border - on the oceans, use navy for privateers ad raid british commerce, uss constitution “old ironsides” 1 ship had more success against british navy than french or spain

1814 summary - british after lake champlain, chesapeake, new orleans - france was defeated, shift to us, burns washington dc in revenge, hurricane comes a they pull troops back before continuing to baltimore - ft mchenry -outside baltimore, shelled the fort, didn't fall, (francis scott key, attorney, goes in rowboat to talk to british to release client, watches bombardment, writes “star-spangled banner” - put on song) - british cannot lever mchenry and won't be successful, british invasion from canada fails

Hartford convention - representatives of ne states meet to talk about war, draft a statement of demands, demanded financial compensation for what was lost because of war, wanted to repeal ⅗ compromise because south had more power, some delegates hinted at succession from the union, right around when end of war happens - made ne look like traitors

Mostly federalists, bad for their party

1815 end - battle of new orleans - major victory over british (andrew jackson), happens after war ends, makes jackson national hero, everyone thinks we won because it ended after word of new orleans

Treaty of ghent - ends the war, all returns to normal, agree to no more impressment - didn’t win, didn’t lose

4 - Creation of American Culture

Education - the virtuous citizen - standard of of behavior in society

American form of english - Noah Webster (dictionary)

Religious movements -

Deism - many early intellectuals followed, thought there was a god who created everything and stepped back (free will)

Idea of new religious groups - methodists, mormons, - they challenged universal(ish) beliefs and then went independent (related?)

Temperature anomaly happened - volcano made skies gray and snow in july, impacted europe - thought it was related to god

Mass migration into midwest - mary shelley saw this, inspired frankenstein

Mormon founder displaced because of weather, started mormon church

Revivalist meeting - charles g. Funney - charismatic new minister, “soul shaking” conversion

The “benevolent empire” - great awakening mostly northern, called upstate NY the “burned-over district” because of the revivals - so many there wasn’t anyone left to christianize

United society of believers in christ second appearing - “shakers” - believed they were preparing for the second coming of christ, rejection of sexual relations - only 2 exist today, equality of all, hard work/structure important - lived in command situation, shaker furniture

Church of jesus christ of latter day saints - mormons - joseph smith believed he saw anger, protestant belief, thought all religious sects become corrupt, focused on direct revelation from god, moves west - doctrine of plural marriage said men could have multiple wives - movement west often led to violence

Economic nationalism - idea of american economy, encourage creativity and inventiveness, create a transportation infrastructure, create a pro-business atmosphere - uses hamilton’s vision of america

Eli whitney’s cotton gin - slavery was dying, this brought it back - faster way to sort cotton

Whitney’s gun factory - concept of interchangeable parts, allowed them to mass-produce - made everything the same

Factory system - got government contract - new way efficient mass production

First turnpike - investment for series of roads connecting major cities

Robert fulton and the steamboat - mechanism for ships to move against the current

The clermont - moves more efficiently

Era of good feelings - 8 years

Sense of accomplishment after war, federalist party ceased to exist - democratic republicans were the only one

Monroe elected in 1816, last of federalists

New leadership -

Henry clay of kentucky, daniel webster of new hampshire, john c calhoun of south carolina - young democratic republicans with broad view - national view

Convention of 1818 - how to deal with disputed territories, negotiate convention, put it off for ten years - made an agreement with a country we fought

Adams-onis treaty - US and spain, transfers florida to US, styles boundary issue

American system - self reliance - henry clay “great compromiser” - had idea, says we were pulled into wars because we were reliant on trade, so we need a self reliant economic system

Shift to manufacturing - ne was the focus because it had energy, ports, population

Tariff of 1816 - expansion of tariff to protect “infant industries” from england's economics of scale (produce enough products to make everything cheaper overall), west and south opposed

Internal improvements at federal expense - national road, john calhoun expects “bonus bill” to the south (money for them to spend), it didn’t pass - he felt betrayed by the national government

Chartering of the new BUS - source of money for investments and loans

National (cumberland) road - extends from the coast to st. louis

Erie canal - not funded by national government, but ny - idea of building canal to connect the great lakes to the coast, movement of goods from lakes to seaports, longer than any other canal

Panic of 1819 - causes - BUS couldn’t raise enough specie, inflation, people took loans for land in hopes they can sell it for more, couldn't sell it, banks out of money because of loans

Election of 1820 -

Monroe voted in almost unanimously

Monroe doctrine - referred to as “america’s self-defense doctrine”,

Statement of policy, makes statement to europe that they see western hemisphere to not be colonized by europeans, say they won’t mess with european internal affairs in exchange - it was in europe’s best interest at the time because european powers wanted balance of power - US wouldn’t be able to do anything if they decided not to follow

Election of 1824 - the “corrupt bargain” -

4 different candidates, needed majority of electoral votes, goes to house of representatives, third candidate dies, john quincy adams v jackson - rumors about behind the scenes deals, house speaker clay reached out to both, clay wanted secretary of state, adams elected, clay made secretary - clear that clay put his support behind adams in exchange for secretary of state

Jacksonians were upset, said it was corrupt, end of peace between parties, split to democratic republicans (jackson) v whigs (clay), jackson pursued presidency

Oliver evans -first prototype of locomotive - steam engine on amphibious car - first automated flour mill, powered by water wheel - necessary for textile mills

John Deere and the steel plow - wood and iron didn’t work, middle of US called desert, 6-8 feet of topsoil stopping farming, could be broken through with steel plow - allows agriculture, brings increase in population in middle of US

Cyrus McCormick and the mechanical reaper - allows harvesting to be faster and at large quantities

Samuel. F. b. MOrse - ability to stretch electrified wires and communicate with other by dots and dashes (morse code)

Cyrus field and the transatlantic cable - allow morse to travel from europe to the americas

Elias howe and isaac singer made sewing machine - lets them mass produce textiles without hand sewing

Marshall court defined government power -

Supreme court rulings - McCulloch v maryland - bank of US has branch in baltimore, manager is mcculloch, maryland tries to tax it, mcculloch said no, becomes lawsuit in supreme court - raises questions - can the state tax an entity of the national government? Can the government create a national bank? If the state can tax them, it implies that the state is above the government

Ruling: no, the state can’t tax an entity of the national government, marshall says power to tax is power to destroy, and government cant tax states, says bank of US is necessary and proper - affirms the the national government has power

Gibbons v ogden - ogden has charter from ny, gibbons from congress

Results: says congress has authority to regulate interstate commerce - used with the necessary and proper clause many other times (planes)

Industrial revolution shifts the distribution of wealth (most money is in top couple percent)

Laissez faire - government doesn’t assist or get in the way of capitalism, but the government did much to assist it

Samuel slater -

Father of the industrial revolution or slater the traitor

Slater was english apprentice in mill in england, laws make it illegal to share industrial secrets, engineers need permission to leave the country, so slater memorized everything, escaped england to the US, draws everything out to create a textile mill and sells it - jumpstarts the american industrial revolution

Lowell-waltham system - uses stolen ideas to create company towns and have families live and work them, realized young women were easier to control

Lowell girls - primarily young women with little opportunity, came to factory from jobs, built dormitories and staffed with motherly house mistresses, worked 2-3 years to build dowry

Best paying job in america for women, opens up a social structure they didn’t have before

Early “union” newsletter, began to publish, started as stories, increased literacy, taoied about organizing after wage cut

“Turnouts” didn’t accept wage cuts, protested, and actually won - working together is power

Textile centers explode, starts surge of immigrant labor

Irish immigration (from potato famine), industrialization had picked up (split in owner and working class)

Workingman’s party - founded by robert dale owen and others in ny, focused on ending debtor’s prison and establishing worker compensation (if hurt/killed on job)

Commonwealth v hunt - massachusetts court case, decided whether or not workers can organize and strike - it recognized their right, before this it was considered conspiracy

Regional specialization -

Helps self sustaining economy, east - industrial, south - cotton and slavery, west - nation's “breadbasket” (corn wheat, oats, etc.)

Boom in population - origin of immigrants - most irish, goes into north, surges in nativism - hatred of immigrants

Know-nothing party - began as secret social organization, evolved into political party trying to limit immigration (irish because they were catholics), unsuccessful at getting congress to stop immigration, several important figures in early party

People start to move away from agriculture by 60s

Andrew jackson - first nonelite president, was orphaned, hurt in american revolution by british officer, british killed his brother, involved in 2 duels, someone tried to assassinate him while in office and he beat the person with his cane - his party was for a small government, he extends the power of the president

Voting requirements - moved from owning property to being taxpayer in most states

Changes in parties - white male suffrage increased, part nominating committees, voters chose their states slate of presidential electors, spoils system - idea that if you win, you get everything (basically giving government positions in exchange for support during elections) (was later made illegal)

Rise of third parties (any party that’s not one of the two major)

Rise of popular campaigning - try to get people’s vote by parades, rallies, floats, etc.

Two party system returned in 1832

Democratic republicans because the national republicans became the whigs, who were against the democrats

Jackson during seminole wars -

Tried to pacify natives, goes too far - natives attacked and moved into florida, spain does nothing, calhoun orders jackson to made peace (kill), invaded spanish territory, killed two natives and 2 british citizens, marched on the capitol nad put a US officer in charge, said US laws worked there (did calhoun tell him to do that? - calhoun gave verbal orders as well as written, we don’t know what he said) jackson’s aggressive, anti-british, and anti-native

Jackson’s presidential run -

“Common man’s” candidate, jackson lost in house of representative by corrupt bargain, campaigns next one, adams supporters used his wife against him

Rachel jackson - courts for divorce were rare, rachel was in bad marriage, husband abandons her, jackson dates/marries her, couldn’t get divorce papers before they were married, so rachel was technically married to 2 men at the same time

Jackson tried to stop her from finding out what adams supporters said about her, jackson wins election, rachel dies after finding out what people said about her - jackson holds grudge against adams for killing his wife

Center of population in country moves west

New “jackson coalition” - planter elite in the south, people on frontier, state politicians (spoils system), immigrants in cities - many worried that jackson is representative of the mob - “king mob”

Reign of “king mob” - jackson’s inauguration brings hundreds form frontier, had party at white house with giant cheese and alcoholic punch, many druck and out of control, had to sneak jackson out of window - press against jackson sees what he is like as president

Peggy eaton affair - jackson sensitive after what happened ot his wife, peggy worked a bar, married a drunk, he gets assistance from eaton to pay off debts, eaton arranges for him to go away in the navy, he dies, peggy remarries eaton 9 months later (widows supposed to wait at least a year)

Was a scandal in washington - wives run social events but the eatons were left out, jackson parallels with his wife, orders his cabinet to include her but they refuse, jackson forces his cabinet to resign - jackson disrupts the government because of social standard - calhoun loses his track to presidency, van buren is next vp - beginning of enemy with calhoun

Nullification crisis -

Idea that individual states can ont listen to federal laws -

Webster-haynes debate - scheduled over tariff in senate, north v south, overseen by calhoun (of sc) - hayne said states are sovereign and that they came voluntarily and can leave voluntarily - webster argues union and liberty are needed, jackson says to preserve the union, calhoun says liberty over union

1828 tariff (of abomination) - increase of tax, south thinks jackson will get rid of it after being sworn in, 1832 new tariff passed to reduce tax, south carolina passes ordinance of nullification - they said they won’t enforce what they think is unconstitutional - jackson said the disunion is treason and asks congress to pass the force bill - allows the president to raise an army to enforce laws - jackson was mad and knew if nullification passed then the country would seize to exist

(calhoun was sc, jackson was a southerner, calhoun had resigned by then)

` clay’s “compromise tariff” - to cut tariff of abomination and go back to the original tariff - supposed to go into effect after 10 years, later repealed, southerners ultimately think they got screwed - why no war? Because the states were scared of jackson marching on them - sc repeals nullification but nullify the force act - symbolic to national government, not backing down on nullification

Jackson’s native american policy -

Indian removal - to support south - parts of south controlled by civilized natives by treaty, mot southern land depleted

Indian removal act -

Jackson supported it - act that calls natives to give up land in exchange for land in west

Cherokee nation v georgia - georgia passes law that says their laws count for natives, supreme court says their laws don’t apply because they are a domestic dependent nation - need 2 countries for a treaty, implies they are a nation under US law, but not georgia

Worcester v georgia - same type of case, marshall made rulings, but jackson won’t enforce it, georgia begins to take cherokee land

Natives ask jackson to protect them

Trail of tears - thousand natives die on trail, moved from good agricultural land ot OK - jackson’s refusal to enforce supreme court law cause it - neglect

Renewing the charter of the BUs - those who think the bank is important v those who call it unconstitutional

Some thought jackson’s veto was to impose his own power

Maysville road - project in KY, vetoed, said it was unconstitutional, probably political spite against henry clay

Bank debate - biddle, supporter of jackson, jackson said bank only affected elites, worried biddle would use bank money for politics

(soft) paper money - states felt restrained from giving notes freely, supported rapid economic growth and speculation

(hard) specie - felt it was the only safe currency, didn’t like anyone who used bank notes, suspicious of expansion and speculation

Jackson and biddle supported soft, biddle “interfered” in elections, jackson moved money from the BUS to “pet banks” - took away BUS ability to loan/influence

Jackson vetoed extension of the 2nd BUS, during presidential campaign clay makes bank an issue, clay puts out new charter to made people hate jackson for getting rid of the bank, people don’t care so charter expired and bank went bankrupt

Specie circular - “wildcat/pet banks” start to produce soft money so people could move west - there was an effort to make people only buy federal land with gold/silver, but there was little specie to pay with, banks collapse, value of land collapses, triggers the depression/panic of 1837

results : banknotes lose their value, land sales plummeted, credit not available, businesses began to fail, unemployment rose

Van buren became president in 37, blamed him for depression

2nd great awakening -

“Spiritual reform from within” - social reforms - temperance (alcohol), asylum and penal reform, abolitionism, women’s rights, education - overall sense of responsibility for those who have it worse

Alexis de tocqueville called religion connected to state

The mormons led to salt lake city, desert community

Transcendentalism - liberalism from understanding and cultivation of reasoning, “transcend” limits of intellect and allow emotions/soul to create relationship with universe

Thinking - acknowledge of intuitive moral truths and transcend proof - infinite benevolence of god, infinite benevolence of nature, divinity of man - rejected authority of churches, scriptures, law, conventions - against slavery, education important, against religion, become reformers to restore divinity

Transcendentalist minds -

Ralph waldo emerson - nature, self-reliance, american scholar

Henry david thoreau - walden, civil disobedience

Wanted to give freedom to slaves, giver well-being to poor, give learning to ignorant, giver health to sick, give peace and justice to society

Critic - nathaniel hawthorne - pursuit of ideal gave distorted view of human nature, one should accept the world as an imperfect place - scarlet letter, house of seven gables

Utopian communities - oneida community

Millenarianism - thought second coming of christ happened, thought humans no longer had to follow moral ideas of the past - residents married to each other, male continence, carefully regulated “free love” because they didn’t want many children - needed john humphrey noyes permission to have kids

Utopian societies -

Rejected individual freedoms - spontaneity and self fulfillment

Demands of community life - disciplined and organized hierarchy

George ripley- transcendentalist, brook farm -

Anyone could gland give up possessions, don't assign work, would share properties - did the work they felt, so no one wanted to do the work, were not good financially, no insurance on house when it was burned down - end of farm

Robert owen - utopian socialist -

British, established many communs, against religion, wanted to create new harmony, IN - was community, give up money/possessions, created community, lasted 40 years

penitentiary/Asylum reform - dorothea dix -

Use to e harsh/military like, penitentiaries were solitary and used to reach god, they went insane, unsuccessful

Asylums were more like torture - dix starts first lunatic asylum, treated humanely, thought they could be healed, ideas also made penitentiaries humane

Temperance movement -

To shorten alcohol consumptions, american temperance society thought alcohol was evil, some thought they needed to get rid of it - was corrupting workers

Many temperance reformers move eto other movements (stowe)

Consumption of alcohol was high, hard alcohol peaked in 20s-30s - movement mades impact on amount drank

Drunkard’s progress - political cartoon (ish), idea of first drink leading to more and destroying family - once you start you can't stop - evil

Fallen women (prostitutes) -

They didn’t have opportunities if not married

Female moral reform society focused on the male customers instead of women, didn’t achieve much - advocate of moral reform

Education reform - religious training to secular (nonreligious) education - shift away from religion

MA - forefront of public education reform, 1st to establish free state schools supported by taxes - by 1860 every state had free education to whites (high literacy rate)

Horace mann - father of american education -

Said children were clay in hands of teachers - not to beat into shape but mold into state of perfection - discouraged corporal punishment, invested in teachers and established state teacher training programs

Mcguffey eclectic readers - beginning of modern textbook, used ot teach subject nad american values of respect, good citizenship, taught protestant work ethic - hard work gets success, sobriety, freeality - taught 3 rs

Women educators -

Ny female seminary - curriculum - math, physics, history, geography, train female teachers - emma willard created troy seminary

Mary lyons established mr. holyoke as the first college for women

“Separate spheres” concept - cult of domesticity

Women’s “sphere” was in the home, refuge from cruel outside world, she had to “civilize” her husband and family (not progress)

Women unable to vote, had legal status of a minor - was under husband's control, if they were single they could own property, married women had no legal control over property/children, couldn’t initiate divorce, couldn’t make wills, sign contracts or have lawsuit in court without husband's permission

2nd great awakening inspired women to improve society

Angelina and sarah grimké - southern abolitionists, rejected cult of domesticity and slavery in the south - got away with it because they were women and gentlemen couldn’t hurt them

Lucy stone - american women’s suffrage association, publish women’s journal - first organized group to try for vote for women

Women’s rights -

Split abolitionist movement over women’s role in it

London - world anit-slavery convention - women go, turned away by men, ultimately helps shift forces to women’s rights

Seneca falls convention - lucretia mott and elisabeth cady stanton, convention to meet for women’s rights, created declaration of sentiments - was basically demanding for equality (mostly voting) why’d it take so long? 72 years

Abolitionist movement -

American colonization society created, wanted to end slavery, some wanted it to end because it was evil but didn’t want free blacks, some thought it needed to be gradual (gradualists), some thought it needed to be immediate (immediatists), wanted gradual voluntary emancipation

Wanted to create a colony in africa for freed slaves to go( liberia) - not aol alves wanted to go back

Was no real anti-slavery sentiment in north until 20s/30s,

William lloyd garrison -

Published newspaper, said slavery and freemasonry undermine republican values, wanted immediate emancipation with no compensation for owners to free slaves, said slavery was a moral issue and not economic

The liberator - abolitionist “news”paper, to convince people to give up slavery

Other abolitionists - arthur and lewis tappan, james birney - liberty party

David walker - appeal to coloured citizens of the world said they have to fight for freedom

Frederick douglass - born a slave, escapes, wrote narrative of his life to raise money to buy his freedom, “north star” his anti slavery newspaper

5 - Civil War

Manifest destiny - early 1800s mapmakers drew us as going to pacific, envisioned us on continuous track to pacific

concept of manifest destiny (manifest - plain or obvious), said us will expand westward because god wills it, a historical inevitability, justifies the means in which it is done - “american progress” - that stupid painting

Storm clouds on the horizon - slavery’s importance to the south - (slave importation banned in 1808), became if you attack slavery as immoral, you attack slave holders as immoral

Their “peculiar institution” - says its part of who they are (their society) - if you take it away, you take away who they are

Called it a “positive good” - calhoun and others argued that slavery was good for the slaves and saved their souls - if you believe it, you feel good about holding slaves

Cotton gin’s invention - slavery was dying, returned

Westward expansion - as new states (slave and free) show up, they change the powers of government, change congress with political powers

Missouri compromise - missouri requests to become slave state, congress freaks out, tensions, tabled request, made maine free state so senate was balanced - 36’30” divides free and slave, above is free, below is slave - 1819

William lloyd garrison - abolitionist, publishes the liberator

Slave rebellions -

Stono river - georgia and sc, slaves attempt to march into spanish florida, militia confronts at stono and stops them

Gabriel prosser’s rebellion - prosser (slave) was blacksmith, owner would lease him out, organized big uprising in virginia, to use ships to escape, bad weather, tries to stop, authorities found and killed him - makes them decide that free blacks are temporarily locked up after they arrive to stop rebellion

Nat turner’s rebellion - field slave who ran away, says he saw angel who told him to return and organize after a sign (eclipse happened), starts rebellion, murder whites as they go, put down by armed militia

Southerners crack down on slaves, no moving between plantations, garrison’s paper same year as nat turner, southerners thought it was connected

Amistad - coastal slaver along cuba, africans got loose and killed crewman, kept 2 spanish crew alive to take them back, took them to long island, africans found not guilty in trial - went before supreme court, j.q. Adams convinces court to set them free - backed international illegally retained slaves

Gag rule - won't discuss slavery, Adams would break it - became so dangerous that they couldn’t even talk about it for 8 years - table discussion (1st amendment?)

Mexican american war (1846)-

Texas (1845 became country) - americans moved into texas as encouraged by mexico, mexico let them not convert to catholicism or give up slaves, dictator antonio lopez de santa anna regretted it, feared secessionist movement, started to revoke

Independence - general consultation of texans declared it independent, alamo was spanish mission, defended by volunteers, all texans killed, at san jacinto texans won easily, captured santa anna, forced to sign treaty, gave republic of texas independence

Texas in union - santa anna didn’t accept treaty, texas president houston tried to get admitted to union, problem was slavery - concern of abolitionists adding slave state made it controversial, debate ran for 8 years

Back to war - causes - US desire to expand (offer to buy territory was turned down)

Texas was independent, congress turned down annexation - border dispute - nueces or rio grande river

US moves into disputed territory, mexicans mad and move into territory also, succeeded in provoking war

North against south for question of whether or not there are slaves - will disrupt government, emerson says it will poison the country - he’s not wrong

3 pronged invasion, outnumbered in every battle they win

Occupy mexico’s capital, negotiate for land - ulysses s grant, robert e lee, george b mcclellan come out of war

Treaty of guadalupe hidalgo - ended the war, gives 1.5 million to mexico and wipes out their debt (30 mil.), “mexican cession” US gets california, arizona, new mexico, nevada, utah, parts of others, gives up claims to texas, sets border at rio grande - later makes gadsden purchase and completes 48 states

Was for railroad, didn’t build one

During war gold discovered in california, word spread, war was over by the time word spread - that money was the capital investment for industrialization - if mexico kept the territory, we wouldn’t be a global superpower, supports economic development

36’30” didn’t apply to territory gotten in the war

Rising tensions - california surges in population because of gold, submits appeal to be state and ban slavery

Great compromise of 1850 - several agreements avert civil war for 10 years - california becomes a free state, slave trade banned in dc but slavery isn’t, utah and new mexico decide by popular sovereignty (votes, never happens because they never get that far)

Fugitive slave act of 1850 - running away was illegal, wasn’t enforced, south insists on requiring federal law marshals to assist slave catchers - judges were paid 5 dollars if they rule in favor of the slave, 10 for return to slavery, creates fines and jail time for assisting runaways

Uncle tom’s cabin - harriet beecher stowe, abolitionist, says god is punishing US, assisted fugitive slaves in getting north/canada, inspired by stories she heard, writes bestseller, combines slave stories

North called it proof of slavery being bad, south called it fake and propaganda

Kansas-nebraska act - proposed by stephen douglass, repeals missouri compromise (36’30”), wants to use popular sovereignty, problem was how to keep people moving in just to vote, kansas had 1400 eligible voters, 6000 were cast, ended up with 2 constitutions, set up 2 capitals, congress had to decide, explosion of early civil was in kansas

Bleeding kansas - fight between those who wanted slavery and those who didn’t, border “ruffians” - pro slavery v jayhawks (against), congress fights but doesn’t decide on constitution, 200 killed in kansas in mini early civil war, south attacks northern capital, john brown and others go to pro slavery village and murder 5

During debate over constitutions, charles sumner (abolitionist), accuse southerners of prostitution of slavery, southerners mad, insults them, house of representatives hears, preston brooks pulls out a cane and eats sumner, brooks leave capital and goes to sc, never prosecuted, members of congress begin to show up fully armed

Republican party - whigs didn’t pick a side on slavery, fall apart, birth of republican party, is party of abolitionist movement, made up of northern whigs and democrats, free-soilers, know-nothings, other opponents of the kansas nebraska act

Dred scott v sandford - scott was slave, owned by southerner in military, goes to illinois and wisconsin (free), his owner dies, is inherited by relative, he appeals to freedom, his case ends up in supreme court, rule that black men have no rights a white man need respect (doesn’t specify just slaves), rules that because scott is property he has no right to sue, also says slavery could not be denied in any territory - taney answered a question not asked of him - was the law of the land, interpretation has to be addressed by supreme court or amendment - northerners mad that government may made them have slaves

Lincoln-douglass debates - debating in illinois, trying to get people to vote for their party, was series of debates that made lincoln a national name, house divided speech - lincoln mocks douglass but not enough to win election

John brown and the raid at harpers ferry - travels across north to raise money for effort to free slaves, devoted his life to ending slavery, him and his followers were violent abolitionists (led raid in kansas), has idea to take over federal arsenal at harpers ferry, expect slaves will join him and march into mountain, was poorly planned and carried out, surrounded by people. Small battle, robert e lee, several of brown’s followers were killed, brown captured, tried for treason and hanged, wanted to die a martyr for abolitionism - north admire him, south see crime and train their militia

War causes - sectionalism (puritans v cavaliers, english civil war brought cavaliers south and puritans north - maybe?), paranoia (“the other side is trying to take over”), “evolution” (natural movement of south (agricultural) from north (industrial)), states rights - eh? (what rights were violated?), slavery (to protect their “property”), south said they were fighting for liberty and north had more power - they made it clear they seceded because of slavery

Lincoln and politics - election of 1860 - lincoln wasn’t even on the ballot in 10 southern states, north had majority of electoral votes, democrats split between north and south, lincoln won, buchanan (lame duck) decided to leave everything to lincoln after election

Last efforts - john j crittenden - compromise, wants to reimpose 36’30” and guarantee slavery forever, guarantee slavery in dc, congress compensate slave owners for runaways, no future amendments can touch slavery (amend constitution), not passed, others try too, most compromises were to satisfy the south, seceding because they lost the election (lincoln didn’t want to spread slavery) - compromises don’t happen, went against what lincoln campaigned for

Secession - sc secedes in dec. 1860 - lincoln wasn’t even president yet - reasoning: states rights?, by the time lincoln was sworn in, 7 states seceded and jefferson davis was president of the confederacy

Lincoln wouldn’t start the war - do the states have the right to secede? - lincoln argues power is in the people, perpetual (doesn’t end) union - can’t leave ever - constitution doesn’t allow secession - lincoln doesn’t remove troops from sc

Fort sumter - the confederates asked US troops to leave, government doesn’t listen, lincoln said he won’t send additional troops, confederate troops surround island, given ultimatum, didn’t leave and the south opened fire, no deaths, lincoln calls for volunteers to stop rebellion, then the last 4 states secede from the union, lincoln sends troops

North advantages - 2x population, 40% of south are slaves, 60x factories, food crops - big agricultural base, south struggles to feed army, 2x railroad miles, put together navy, established economy

South advantages - home field advantage, better generals and average better soldiers at the beginning, firearms

Border states - maryland, kentucky, missouri, delaware - maintain slavery but don’t secede

Lincoln and the constitution - won’t acknowledge the legality of secession, if they declare war it implies the south is a country

Problems with maryland - members of legislature want to vote to see if they’ll secede

Events agitate lincoln

6th massachusetts infantry march through baltimore to get to capital, baltimore attacks, try to affect the ability of lincoln and soldiers to communicate with dc - telegraph wires cut, railroad cut, bridges wrecked

Lincoln wanted suspension of habeas corpus (says a person under arrest needs to go to court), - you can do this with constitutional rights if it protects safety of people (when in cases of rebellion, invasion of public safety may require it (for congress)) - in congress isn’t in session, the president has extraordinary powers until they come back, president can call congress back for special meeting but he doesn’t because he didn’t want congress to have a say in it - he arrests people who are causing chaos in maryland, declares martial law (substitution for military authority over civilian rule) in maryland, when congress comes back, they verify lincoln’s choices - lincoln says if he has to violate the constitution to protect it he will

Ex parte merryman - merryman jailed for violence in maryland, asks court to let him go, they say yes supreme court says no, questions the ability of the president to suspend habeas corpus

First bull run - to defend capital, everyone believed they will win - union troops have soldiers 90 days, figured the war would be over quick, get real fancy uniforms and do nothing, mcdowell leaves dc to engage rebel army, lincoln said both were inexperienced, mcdowell marches out of washington, it's hot and they move slowly, gives confederates opportunity to call for help, north begins to attack, washingtonians follow the attack to see what happens, referred to as “great skedaddle” only reason confederates don’t take capital is they were chaotic too, realized war wouldn’t be fast and easy, “revolving door” of union generals begins

Anaconda plan - union plan to defeat south, use navy to block the south (act of war?), lincoln never calls it a blockade because that would insinuate the south is a country, plan was to cut mississippi river in half, cut off south and take richmond

Naval warfare -

Battle of hampton roads - navy leaves port, burn uss merrimack, confederates bring it back up, made it ironclad, made it css virginia, have guns that more directions

Css virginia slow, union ships start to fire and it bounces off, virginia fires and union ships retreat, uss monitor fights next day, can’t cause enough damages, virginia runs aground, gets off, fight for hours and css virginia retreats - ironclad born, makes all other ships obsolete - battle was tactical draw but strategic win for union because the blockade holds

Mcclellan’s peninsular campaign - mcclellan is slow, but he gave army structure and trains them but doesn’t do anything with them, lincoln annoyed, wanted to meet with mcclellan, he says he’s too busy,, lincoln goes to him and gets ignored and wants plans, has plan to get his troops around confederacy, lands in yorktown, waits for month saying he needs more troops, when they finally more forward, held up by fake cannons, finally moves forward, confederates scramble for more troops, mcclellan keeps asking for more troops, changes in sight of richmond, confederate president puts lee in charge of troops,, lee attacks, mcclellan wins and retreats - lee knows and drives forces back in seven days battle, lincoln relieved mcclellan of command and gives it to pope

Battle of shiloh - confederates more into tennessee and are stop by ulysses s grant, more deaths than all previous battles together - grant in south, johnston attacks, were in dense forest, union pushes them back, johnston falls off his horse, was shot in the leg, dies, win for union

Battle of antietam - mcclellan gets command back, lee marched into maryland , spread army out to forage, mcclellan left washington, scouts find recently left camp, find lees order of attack, given to mcclellan, does nothing. Waits, finally forced to go after lee, lee’s army trying to meet, mcclellan holds ⅓ of army away, mcclellan won’t attack all at once, lee pushed back into sharpsburg, lincoln wants to attack and mcclellan refuses, lincoln goes to antietam, lee pinned against potomac and mcclellan let him go - 400000 die in rest of war because mcclellan wouldn’t attack - relieved of command

Emancipation proclamation - waited until the win at antietam to announce, proclamation said that unless the southern states stop rebelling their slaves will be free by jan 1

Financing the war - at first borrowed european money, put out first ever income tax

Legal tender act - 2 level financial system, specie and banknotes, act put government on 2 track, had some money with no backing, greenback is born - has valuation change based on how north is doing - south tries the same but it collapses

Battle of fredericksburg - burnside put in charge of union army, has idea to attack lee who’s on a hill, assault 7 times across an open area, is a a bloodbath, that night the northern lights shown red over virginia - burnside relieved of command

Battle of chancellorsville - joe hooker put in command of union army, back in fredericksville, hooker has idea to move army, good plan, just unlucky, marched his army, started to pour, hooker has to call it off, waits and does what he planned, considered lee’s greatest moment - hooker surrounds lee, lee meets with jackson and split his forces - hooker had perfect plan, lee rewrote it - lee was pushed back, a stray cannonball hits a building hookers outside of, gets concussed, couldn’t lead army and no one could take over, had no leader for hours, lee took opportunity and divided forces again, jackson surrounds union - jackson was riding ahead, turns back and was shot by confederate soldiers - died - consequences of battle - death of stonewall jackson, eventual change in leader of the army of the potomac, lee felt empowered because he took risks and got away with it, decided to invade the north (gettysburg)

Gettysburg - gettysburg makes shoes and cherries, confederates hear and go to get shoes, lee eats too many cherries at battle and likely got sick - lee invades north to forage and try to end the war, two armies accidentally cross at gettysburg, 3 day battle and the bloodiest in the war, turning point in the war - after, the south never goes on the opposition - union was pushed back, lee gives ewell jackson’s army, lee tells him to take a hill if he can, decides not to and the union takes the high ground, confederates try to take flank, desperate battle at little round top - lee was doing well days 1 and 2, made weird calls on day 3 (cherry sickness? If you eat too much unripe fruit you get sick) - lee thought that if they punched through the middle then he could take washington, pushed back

Pickett’s charge - plan to go through middle, didn’t work, heavy casualties, meade in charge of union, grant brought back because he split the confederacy

Virginia summer campaign - grant took army and went to richmond, grant wants to destroy lee’s army, grant loses but doesn’t retreat, goes around and fights again, by mid summer they’re faced in trenches trying to bleed out lee, an effort was made to tunnel underneath, fill chamber with gunpowder, light it, part of confederate lines disappear, send men through dirt and most killed - no one won

Election of 1864 - 2 positions - lincoln wants to continue the war and mcclellan wants to end it, republicans rename their party the national union party and lincoln chooses a democratic vp, democrats think mcclellan will get vote of army, lincoln thinks he’ll lose, makes plans for soldiers to come home vote, after atlanta falls lincoln wins

Sherman’s march - battles from chattanooga to atlanta, marched toward atlantic coast, destroyed anything that helped confederates (plantations, farms, etc.), carved a 60 mile swath of destruction in confederacy - atlanta burned by confederates and sherman blamed, sherman still seen as terrorist

Andersonville - open air prison camp in south, didn’t have enough food to feed prisoners, became horrific, many died of disease, overcrowding, etc

Appomattox campaign - lee is losing men, many desert, grant decides to go around the lines, breaks out of petersburg to get to richmond

Confederates have chaotic evacuation of richmond, light most on fire, lee flees west, tries to get to lynchburg, meantime lincoln finds out and goes to richmond, to confederate white house, meantime series of battles happen because lee won’t give up, gets as far as appomattox, gets cut off, grant tells him to surrender and lee won’t, battle does nothing but kill more people, lee finally meets grant to negotiate, meet in house, grant has generous plan, says no one will be arrested or tried for treason, lee signs, grant sends supplies and food through lines to confederates - grant did treaty with no permission

Lee not arrested, as formal surrender, war over

6 - Reconstruction

Reconstruction - political rebuilding of country and literal rebuilding of south

Lincoln’s plan - didn’t want to punish the south

Proclamation of amnesty and reconstruction - (10% plan) - president has power to issue proclamation - is the beginning of a battle of congress and the president over reconstruction, both want to control it - the proclamation bypasses congress, it replaced southern majority rule with “loyal rule” (take oath), didn’t consult congress, issues pardons to all but highest military offices and political officials, when 10% of those who voted in 1860 had taken oath of loyalty and established government, the state would be recognized - president can do it because secession didn’t happen, congress starts to imply it did so they would control what happens - by 1864 3 states go through process - “loyal assemblies” but they were weak and dependent on northern army for survival

Wade-davis bill - ben wade and henry davis of congress, required 50% of 1860 voters to take “iron clad” oath of allegiance (saying they never voluntarily aided rebellion - problem was states had majority vote to secede so they would either never get reconstructed or people would lie under oath), required a state constitutional convention before election of state officials - this is the act of congress controlling them as a territory not state was vetoed by president, bill also enacted specific safeguards freedmen’s liberties (never passed)

“State suicide” theory - said southern governments ruined themselves and their governments so congress has authority over them (charles sumner)

“Conquered provinces” theory - (thaddeus stevens - abolitionist and equal rights) - idea that the north conquered south so they’re in charge

Lincoln pocket vetoes

13th amendment - abolished slavery, done because lincoln was scared the emancipation proclamation wouldn’t hold - ratified in 1865, barely passed, congress has power to enforce by legislation - is the only amendment signed by a president - symbolic

Freedmen’s bureau - bureau of refugees, freedmen and abandoned lands - purpose of assisting freedmen transitioning into non slavery, passes, many northern abolitionists risked their lives to help freedmen - called “carpetbaggers” by southern democrats (those who went to south), they built schools for all ages - southern whites not happy

Andrew Johnson - Jacksonian democrat, anti-aristocrat, racist, had a plan for amnesty to those with property over 20k - state constitutes repudiate slavery, disenfranchises leading confederates (ego?), republicans enraged - johnson granted 13500 pardons - revival of southern defiance

Black codes - guaranteed stable labor, restored pre-emancipation system of race, forces blacks to become sharecroppers

Congress and president - congress bans southern delegates, creates Joint Committee of Reconstruction to decide the terms of southern states returning to the union, johnson vetoed freedmen's bureau and civil rights, congress overrides vetoes

Radical reconstruction -

14th amendment - constitutional guarantee of rights and security of freedmen, definition of citizenship, equal protection, protect against neo-confederate political power, repudiate confederate debt, enshrined national debt - equal protection, all laws apply equally to everyone - overturns dred scott case,

Privilege and immunity clause - (in amendment), no state can made a law that takes away privilege or immunities of citizens of US - wasn’t defined - idea of amendment was that southern states would be punished for denying the right to black citizens

Balance of power in congress -

1866 bi-election - johnson defies congress, bi-election for congress was a referendum on radical reconstruction, johnson made bad propaganda tour “swing around the circle” to push his plan, orders chief of staff to go with him, republicans won and gained control of every northern state

Plan for readmission - civil authorities had military supervision, needed new state constitutions with black suffrage and ratification of 13th and 14th - north didn’t give black voters and begin constitution making

Reconstruction acts of 1867 -

Military reconstruction act - restart reconstruction in those who didn’t ratify 14th, divide them into 5 military districts - congress overrides president’s veto

Command of the army act - president must issue all reconstruction orders through commander of military - secretary of war edwin stanton

Tenure of office act - president couldn’t fire officials (cabinet members) without consent if the position required senate approval

Army and office acts both protect stanton - its to make sure he cant get fired - if president breaks a law he can be impeached - is it constitutional?

Johnson’s impeachment - johnson knew he was set up, fires stanton who refused to be fired and stayed in his office until the trial - technically johnson didn’t appoint him, lincoln did, congress wasn’t in session - grant was on stanton’s side, while stanton was in the war department, everyone followed

Johnson replaced generals in the field with those who followed his reconstruction beliefs, the house impeached him before drawing up charges - according to constitution, the house votes by majority whether there should be a trial - convicted on treason or high crimes and misdemeanors - weren’t specified

The senate trial - 11 week trial, johnson acquitted one vote short of ⅔ - some republicans knew it was dangerous - johnson stays, stanton resigns and goes home

Constitutional crisis that congress can made a law just to hurt one person they don’t like - there’s no vp, is believed that they would go to president pro tempore (charge of senate) - would be conflict of interest, is no law that he can't be in charge of the senate and also the president - would break separation of powers and checks and balances

Johnson no longer has power

Grant becomes republican presidential nominee, against horatio seymour, grant wins with north and black voters

Grant administration scandals - some in his administration don’t share his beliefs, was a time period of economic growth and corruption

Credit mobilier scandal - railroads decided to double bill the government, shell company starts giving out stocks dn they looked the other way, people start buying shares - biggest scandal - stock goes down and collapses stock market

Whiskey ring - another bribery scandal, whiskey makers bribed government officials to avoid paying whiskey taxes

“Indian ring” - government signs treaties with natives, government has to pay them, corrupt agents would buy cheap stuff and pocket extra money

Tweed ring in nyc - william marcy tweed - head of tammany hall’s political machine (democratic party headquarters), tweed basically ran the city for promises of democratic party votes and some money given back to them - was political corruption and cost people

Thomas nast - crussading political cartoonist/reporter

Election of 1873 - rumors of corruption during grant’s term discredited republicans, horace greeley runs as democratic/liberal republican, was attacked as a fool and loses, died right after election

Panic of 1873 - raises the “money question” debtors want to continue use of greenbacks - plan wa to eventually turn them into specie - banks and intellectuals support hard money

Panic triggered by problems with railroad

Specie resumption act - to pull greenbacks, makes depression worse and triggers railroad - beginning of greenback party and makes gain in elections

Sharecropping grows, black political power grows, higher education given for freedmen, black senate and house delegates appear all in reconstruction

Blacks in southern politics - voters were black veterans, they were politically unprepared, blacks could register and vote since 1867 - needed troops to protect them (open vote, everyone knew what everyone else voted for)

15th amendment - guaranteed federal voting for all males, congress enforces, northern women’s rights were mad they weren’t given the vote, pushback clear

KKK - organization used for intimidation and terrorism, founded by Nathan Bedford Forrest, resigns when they become too violent (he committed war crimes - what does that say?)

Enforcement (KKK) acts - president was given power to suspend habeas corpus and use military to go after kkk

The lost cause begins, the rise of “bourbons” and redeemers - white power in south reemerges (bourbons), redeemers were obsessed with the lost cause

Legal challenges -

Incorporation - (the bill of rights didn’t touch the states, so states coil deny tier rights) incorporation is the process where gradually the first 10 amendments have been applied to the actions of the states - the privileges and immunities clause was used the guarantee rights on the state level - 14th

Slaughterhouse cases - the privileges and immunities clause of 14th applies to national citizenship not state - slaughterhouses would dump animal parts into rivers, louisiana is telling them to move so people don’t drink bad water, slaughterhouses sue under 14th saying their rights were taken, the court says that it doesn't apply - hesitancy of the court to say it involves the states - first time 14th was used like this, supreme court backs off - don’t protect individual immunities

Bradwell v illinois - woman passes the bar and illinois wouldn’t let her practice law, bradwell said she wasn’t protected but supreme court wouldn’t go in the states and protect immunities

Us v cruikshank - aftermath of colfax massacre - disputed election, some federal authority, in colfax local whites reject it and don’t allow blacks to vote, blacks occupy courthouse, whites surround and battle ensues, set fire to courthouse, take blacks into custody and most executed - louisiana refused to enforce laws about murder etc., federal troops arrest whites against bill of rights and whites convicted, they appeal to supreme court and court sides with whites - rule right of assembly doesn’t count in states

Us v reese - kentucky put restrictions on black voting and supreme court strikes down on parts of the enforcement acts - south finds they can place obstacles to stop blacks from voting

Civil rights act of 1875 - is crime for individual to deny use of public space, prohibited discrimination in jury selection - it lacked a strong enforcement mechanism - no new civil rights act was attempted for 90 years

Abandonment of reconstruction - “grantism” and corruption makes northern support wane, panic of 1873 (6 years depression), concern over westward expansion and natives, monetary issues (do we pull greenbacks? Are war bonds paid in specie or greenbacks?)

1876 presidential election - rutherford b hayes v samuel tilden, all but 3 states reconstructed, fraud on both sides, don’t really know who won, when electoral college votes some states sent 2 ballots to congress, congress created committee but can’t decide

Political crisis of 1877 - (corrupt bargain pt 2) gives republicans presidency in exchange for federal troops removed in the south - reconstruction pretty much ends

7 - Industrialization and the Old West

Key tensions - natives had competition with railroads, buffalo hunters, us government

Cattlemen had competition with sheepherders for grazing land and water

Ranchers competed with farmers

Ethnic minorities v nativists

Environmentalists v big business interests (mining, timber), local government officials, farmers, buffalo hunters

Lawlessness of the frontier v “civilizing” forces

The “romance” of the west

The homestead act - biggest transference of land from public to private in the world, gave free 160 acres of land if you worked the land for 5 years and improved it

Railroad construction -

Government was giving away land to encourage railroad construction, come up with time zones for trains to not run into each other

Promontory point - where after 7 years the 2 railroads met and completed the transcontinental railroad - railroad was for trade and commerce

Sears-roebuck catalog - you could order stuff to be shipped by railroad relatively cheaply

Colt .45 revolver - many carried them for defense, but lawlessness was prevalent

Jesse james and billy the kid were western criminals

Cattlemen and sheepherders - rise in demand for buffalo, spurs interest in it being normal diet, getting cows to market ws problem - long drives was cowboys bringing cows to railroads and slaughterhouses

New agricultural technology - steel plow, “prairie fan” water pump - there was fresh water under west, wind power pulled water out

Barbed wire - joseph glidden has idea to stop cowboys from running cattle through his farm, makes fortune

Range wars - competition for available water, sheepherders v cattle ranchers, broke out in violence

The “chinese question” - needed laborers, chinese could be payed less, many thought they would make money and return, surge in chinese population

Chinese exclusion act - stopped chinese from immigrating in for 10 years, renewed until the 1920s

Farmers - those who came from homestead act, lived in soddys of dirt

Exodusters - freedmen who took advantage of free land, but they came later and often got bad land - some succeed and some didn’t

Newlands reclamation act - first time government gets directly involved in land out west, they put dams on rives

Plains indians -

Treaty of ft laramie - guarantee safe passage along oregon trail in exchange for payments until the colorado gold rush, so people move into colorado - was to bring peace between the whites and the sioux who moved into the black hills reservation

Colonel john chivington - didn’t like natives, colorado was western town, was sand creek massacre where they told not hostile natives to go to sand creek, chivington lead groups to pacify them, he orders and attack, chivington was never prosecuted

Captain william j fetterman - small fort and small troops, takes his men to follow 2 natives, ride into valleys and natives kill all of them, 2nd search party goes out and finds them

Reservation territory-

Treaty of medicine lodge - reserved areas for native tribes

2nd treaty of fort laramie - also guarantees areas set aside, in 1874 prospectors find gold in the dakotas, try to negotiate land from sioux (was sacred land), send scientific expedition (with troops) and many sioux leave reservation and declare perpetual war

Battle of little bighorn - sent troops to get “rebellious” natives to go back to reservations, lieutenant colonel custer - court marshalled for not following orders, ordered to return sioux to reservation, sitting bull led natives across plains, settle in little big horn river - custer rode, found teepee where sitting bull tried to conjure vision, said he saw that the earth would destroy soldiers and they could return to life before the white man, custer allows his scouts to leave, custer finds largest encampment of natives ever with 300 men, custer doesn't wit and attacks, surrounded, in nights natives leave, find bodies on last stand hill, every man with custer killed, in less than a year they make natives return to reservation

Chief joseph - leads group who try and get out of US, nez perce natives attack whites, were stopped 4 miles from canada, were put in reservation in oklahoma

Dawes severalty act - assimilation policy, said head of family got 160 acres, land was held in trust by government for 25 years, eligible natives had 4 years to pick land or it was chosen for them - wanted them to separate from their tribes, schools were made - forced natives to separate from tribes and stay in place

Arapaho “ghost dance” - natives thought that dance would bring back buffalo and end the white man

Wounded knee - massacre like sand creek, told natives to go and massacred them - seen as final battle of encampment

Destruction of the buffalo herds -

Hunted buffalo just to kill them to hurt the natives, went to near extinction - set up railroad trips just to kill buffalo

Yellowstone national park - first national park in ‘72, people started to recognise that there wasn't more land, conservation acts started to preserve land conservation movement

John muir, early environmentalist, photographer, political involved, theodore roosevelt - environmentalist - muir advocates for setting aside land, roosevelt enlarges land

Sierra club - environmentally connected group, rich people buy land to preserve it

Incorporation of america - becoming a big economic power

Causes of rapid industrialization - steam revolution ‘30s-’50s, railroad fueled economy - first big business in US, magnet for financial investment, the key to opening the west, aided the development of other industries

Technological innovations - bessemer and open hearth process (mass produce steel, it made railroads, processes to make steel faster and easier), refrigerated cars (keep train cars cold for food)

Edison - “wizard of menlo park”, light bulb, phonograph, movie - bulb allowed the work day to be extended, stopped use of coal/safe means of light - he wasn’t interested unless it made a profit

Light bulb - used carbonized cardboard to conduct electrons

Phonograph - recorded and played back sounds

ediphone/dictaphone - recording device, the vatican bought and used it

Movie camera - see the pictures moving

Alternating current - issue over electricity system, “war of the currents” - 2 types, dc and ac - tesla worked on ac, falling out with edison, leaves - dc was safe, but it couldn’t go far with lines, needed many stations, edison wanted it - ac can be dangerous, tesla and westinghouse, became marketing campaign, edison invented the electric chair using ac, dc wasn’t practical and edison recognised when he lost, embraced if for business

Alexander graham bell’s telephone - used vibrations, companies form - at&t becomes big industry

Airplane - wright brothers, was race for first controllable aircraft, came up with wing warping, twisting wings to move/turn, were the first to sustain flight

Model t automobile - henry ford, crates mass production to lessen prices of cars, had trouble keeping workers so he doubled pay to keep them, allowed the average person to afford transportation

Back to causes of rapid industrialization - unskilled and semiskilled workers in abundance (immigrants), abundant capital (money), entrepreneurs, new talented businessmen, market growing as population increased, government willing to help economic growth, abundant natural resources

New business culture -

Laissez faire - ideology of industrial age, thought was government stay out of capitalism, individuals as moral/economic ideal, individuals should compete freely in marketplace, market wasn’t manmade or invented, no room for government in capitalist market

Social darwinism - herbert spencer, british economist, advocate of laissez faire, adapted from darwin’s “origin of species” notion of survival of the fittest, you get what you deserve, william somner, individuals must have absolute freedom to succeed or fail, state intervention in futile

Protestant work ethic - god expects you to work hard

Horatio alger - writes series of books about american dream

New type of business entities -

Pool - competitors informally agree not to compete to keep prices high - banned by interstate commerce act (business that crossed state lines), act had target to ban pools and businesses make traits public, interstate commerce commission created (railroads)

Trust - taking a pool and making it official, competitors take stocks and give control of it to board of trustees who run several separate companies as 1 - john d rockefeller, standard oil co., different standard oil companies, created standard oil trust, rockefeller ends up benefitting from break of trust

State legislature chose senators, political machines basically bought them off and put who they wanted in charge, senate was bought by big corporations

Predatory pricing - cutting your own prices to stop you opponent

Trusts - horizontal integration - idea is to gain control of 1 level of production in the entire industry (distribution, manufacturing, etc.), basically creation of monopoly - illegal (rockefeller did this)

Vertical integration - owning all levels of production in your own company (gustavus swift, andrew carnegie) - legal

Iron and steel production - steel helped build cities up, carnegie’s US steel

New financial businessmen - helped set up banks for big corporations - the broker: j.p. Morgan - arguably most powerful person in country, he puts together many trusts

Wall street - intended to buy and sell stocks in big companies, later becomes big financial empire

Reorganization of work - frederick w. Taylor, looks at business to be studied, makes it into a science, says if we mass-produce then there’s demand, feeds into factory, assembly line, takes humanity/skill out of work

Cornelius vanderbilt - rich, railroads and shipping, son william vanderbilt had same attitude - i can do what i want, dont care about the law

Gospel of wealth - justification for “robber barons”, religion of era of industrialization, wealth was viewed as sign of god’s approval, christian duty to accumulate wealth, said those who weren’t wealthy didn’t deserve it

“On wealth” - carnegie, siad anglo-saxon race was superior, on wealth was was journal article about gospel of wealth, said inequality is inevitable but good, but wealthy should use money to better society, goes off gospel of wealth), carnegie begins to give away fortune, said if you die rich you’re disgraced, puts money in education/libraries, carnegie foundation

Court cases -

Munn v illinois - illinois set maximum rates that private companies could charge for storage and transport of agricultural products, chicago grain warehouse Munn and Scott found guilty of violating it, appealed and said it went against 14th amendment, went to supreme court, illinois won, said that states are allowed to limit charge, regulate commerce - success in regulating monopoly

Wabash, St. Louis, and the pacific railroad co. v illinois - supreme court decision that limited states rights to control interstate commerce, led to the interstate commerce commission

Sherman antitrust act - tec*mseh’s son, member of senate, first time congress tries to regulate trusts/monopolies, says free competition in commerce - “restraint of commerce” - limiting ability to enter transactions, is illegal - turned to restraining unions, “rule of reason” loophole - if its “reasonable,” then its fine

US v EC knight co. - suggests sugar trust is monopoly, trade/commerce isn’t manufacturing, limited federal government’s ability to pursue antitrust actions, sherman doesn’t apply - only states can regulate

Growth of american labor movement - industrial focus by 1910’s, child labor - can be small to fit in machines, can be paid less, easily manipulated Into unions), families needed money (immigrants)

The molly maguires - from ireland, secret group, took out terrorist attacks, carry out frustration on employers, pa, strike against mine owners - secret society who wanted to protect their members from mine owners and railroads - forced members to follow rules

James mcparland - undercover job in mines, into maguires, testifies against them, disanded

Corporate “bully boys” - pinkerton agents, could be hired to thresated strikers - side of corporations

Tools of management v tools of labor -

Management - scabs, people from other states who worked at other companies when their workers were striking, lockout - when managers lock workers out and basically make them go on strike, yellow-dog contracts - says they can’t join unions, pinkertons - hired muscle, blacklisting - stops someone from working in industry, court injunctions - court intervenes to stop stuff, open shop - you don’t have to join a union to work there, closed shop - requires you to join union

Labor - closed shop - needs union, boycott - don’t do business, sympathy demonstrations - unions not on strike supporting those on strike, organized strikes and ‘wildcat’ strikes - local union instead of whole company, not national union, informational picketing

Knights of labor - terence v powderly, began as secret organization, wanted to organize beyond local unions, said 1 injustice to a group of laborers is an injustice to all

Goals of knights of labor - 8 hour work day, worker owned factories (socialism, idea that worker could own their own industries), end of child and prison labor, increased circulation of greenbacks, equal pay for men and women - not a political party - wanted safety codes in the workplace, prohibition of contract foreign labor, abolition of the national back - goals of national union of unions

Great railroad strike of 1877 - time of economic depression, railroads tried to extend work day and cut wages, was first nationwide union strike, union blacks the track, lead to pa government to call out the national guard and are fired on, union only gains some of wage cuts back

Anarchists meet on the lakefront, 1886 (haymarket strike) - anarchism increases, against government - strike against mccormick reaper co., could only sustain strike as long as they could afford it, anarchists spoke in chicago, someone in the crowd throws a bomb at the police, fire, become small battle - haymarket riot - arrest the speakers after not knowing who started it, speakers charged for murder - knights of labor kind of broke up after

American federation of labor - samuel gompers, idea to bring skilled and semiskilled worker unions together, wanted to influence politics and not big strikes

Wanted to cater to skilled workers, represent workers in matters of national legislation, maintain a national strike fund (to pay workers on strike), spread the cause of unionism, prevented disputes among craft unions, mediated disputes between management and labor, pushed closed shops (have to join union)

Homestead steel strike - carnegie had large steel mill in homestead, recognized worker union, amalgamated association of iron and steel workers, carnegie’s manager henry clay frick had bad negotiations, union said they didn’t like contract, carnegie goes on vacation, frick locks out the workers and brings in scabs from other states, union took over mill, frick hired pinkertons, they tried to sneak in from the river, union saw what happened and st up battle line, open combat between pinkertons and strikers, pinkertons surrender, forced to run a gauntlet to escape and are beaten all the way through, because violence happened the national guard came and cleared the steel mill, strikers didn't win

Attempted assasination - alexander berkman walks into carnegie steel works, fires and hits henry clay frick, he recovered and berkmen arrested, carnegie comes back from vacation and knows frick is the problem, fires him

Pullman strike - a “company town”, have to live there if you worked there, had shops, schools, police who were loyal to companies, were payed in credit “chits” - forced workers to only buy from them - people were under total control, pullman tried to cut wages but not rent and prices, representatives of railway union try to meet and he fires all union leaders, leads to union strike, pullman makes interior train cars, rest of country try to not run any trains with pullman cars, railroads don’t want to and put mail cars on so it can’t be stopped, railroads get court injunction to make sure mail goes, union refuses, cleveland said he’d send in army and he does, arrests everyone against it

The socialists - eugene v debs, president of railway union, tried for violating court order after pullman strike, emergence of new economic system - idea that public/government control economics, was focused on taking power from few capitalists, wanted government to take over for the public, debs becomes leader of political party, socialism gets some changes

8 - populism and progressives

International workers of the world - “wobblies”, union of unions, “big bill” haywood, believed violence was justified to overthrow capitalism

Farmers movement and rise of populism - populism - reaction to agriculture, like unions to industrialization, kind of farmer union, - didn't’ like the railroad monopoly, farmers had high prices during war, struggled after, average farmer couldn’t break even, leads to populist movement

The silver issue - movement to back money by silver, “crime of ‘73” - demonetization of silver (stopped coining silver) (panic of 1873?),

Bland-alison act - limited silver coinage to 2-4 million a month (16:1 silver to gold)

Herman silver purchase act -k said US treasury had to buy 4.5 million of silver a month, allowed people to turn paper certificates to exchange for gold, repealed when economy failed when certificates depleted gold

Grange movement - first organized in 1870’s in midwest, south, texas not a union, don’t strike/bargain, set up cooperative associations - idea that people come together for purpose, co ops bypassed middlemen at railroads and had farmers store near railroads so railroads didn’t overcharge - co ops come together, own a part of process so they aren’t overcharged - grange had social and educational component, succeeding in getting “grange laws” state laws against railroads, tried for banks as well, declined

Farmers alliance - wanted some of same things as grange, more of a political party, two alliances, northern and southern, built on “ashes” of grange, more political, ran candidates for office, controlled 8 states legislatures and 47 congress

In 1889 the northern and southern alliances joined to make the farmer’s alliance

The populist party (people’s party) - 1890 bi election, congress, southern alliance wanted to gain control of the democratic party, northern alliance ran 3rd party candidates, split, in 1892 parts of alliances and other groups met to figure out what to do, were alliance members, african americans, labor organizations and reformers, formed the people’s party, mash of people without a political home, party rose quickly - had long term impact on parties, part in government laws - party founded by james b. Weaver and tom watson, omaha convention nominates weaver for president, got 1 million votes, won congressional seats

Omaha platform - made proposals of what they’d do - system of “sub-treasuries” storage facilities for farmers until winter so they could sell it for more, government would pay for how much it is, store it, farmers tell them when to sell and pocket money, abolition of the national bank, direct election of senators, governments to own railroads, telephone and telegraph companies, government-operated postal savings banks, restriction on undesirable immigration - to appeal to those in cities - 8 hour work day for government employees, abolition of the pinkerton detective agency, australian secret ballot, re-monetization of silver, a single term for president and vp

Bi-metallism issue -

Causes of the 1893 panic - 19 days after cleveland took office, several major corporations went bankrupt, stock market crash, over-extended investments, bank failures causes contraction of credit, unemployment was 3 million (15%), people had no support, government continued laissez faire

Coxey’s army - coxey leads peaceful march on washington to ask government to do something about panic, “army of the commonweal of christ”, they arrest coxey for walking on the grass, movement fell apart

Result of election returns - populist vote increased by 40%, democratic party losses in west were catastrophic, republicans won control of the house

The 1896 election - emergence of populists as national force with democratic party, gold/silver bug campaign pins used, democrats nominated william jennings bryan, populists also nominated him, bryan’s “cross of gold” speech - went around country, gave speech about gold v silver standard, said gold was hurting the people

Bryan took whistle stops, modern campaign, was farmers friend

Democratic party taken over by agrarian left, democrats step away from conservative, become more liberal, platform - tariff reductions, income tax, stricter control of trusts, free silver (no restrictions on coinage)

William mckinley - republican nominee, campaigned seasoned politician v 36 year old newcomer bryan

Joshua a velering of the prohibition party (alcohol)

Gold triumphs over silver - gold standard act of 1900 - made gold the standard until 1932-33, settled gold v silver, win for conservatives

Wizard of oz - debate about if it was about populists, baum denied it - henry littlefield’s thesis - high school history teacher had thesis that said it was allegory for time period - dorothy gale, gale is wind, wind of populism, other stuff like that

Populism’s decline - economy had rapid change, era of small producers and farmers fading, race divided the party, populists couldn’t break existing party loyalties, most of their agenda was taken by the democratic party (the populists changed a major party; democrats moved from conservative to liberal)

The progressive era - progressives - someone who wants to make changes/progress, they would theoretically return power to the people, restore economic opportunity (said american dream was lost), correct injustices

They actually adopt populist ideas, move away from laissez faire with government regulating industry, make government more responsive to people (voting), limit power of political bosses/machines, improve workers rights, conditions for poor and immigrants, clean up cities, end segregation and jim crow

Major challenges of the US - working conditions, child labor, living conditions, consumer protection, monopolies, income disparities, immigration, political corruption, environmental protection

John spargo - “muckraker” photographer, showed how bad stuff was to change it - “the bitter cry of children” bad conditions, kids dying, not letting them go to school

Theodore roosevelt and the “square deal” - roosevelt had asthma as kid, went to harvard, got married, in ny state legislature, wife has kid and dies, mom dies, goes on journey west, is cowboy, appreciates environment, in touch with average person, remarries - when he becomes president (after mckinley dies) he enjoys it, wanted reelection, comes up with square deal - environmental protection, consumer protection, “trust busting”, worker protection

The muckrakers - investigative journalists, “raked through the muck” to uncover corruption and stuff - ida tarbell helped break up standard oil trust, lincoln steffens looked at political corruption, upton sinclair - “the jungle”, sinclair wanted people to reject capitalism for socialism, goes into meatpacking undercover, sees diseased mean rats, old meant, bleaching bones, immigrant conditions, socialism, roosevelt read it and leads to embracing of regulations for food

Working conditions - complaints: low wage, long hours, no job security, no safety, bad conditions

TR and labor - anthracite coal strike 1902 - dominant coal, most common for heating, united mine workers went on strike in late summer, union wanted shorter days and higher wage, owners wouldn’t talk with them, by winter homes needed heat, TR/morgan calls conference, represents “the public”, roosevelt tells the mine owners to listen to union, they refuse, TR says he’ll send in army to get coal for the people, hero of common working man - importance - government shift to being more positive toward labor

Keating-owens act - bans interstate transport of goods produced by children, called unconstitutional in hammer v. dagenhart, child labor continues to be legal

The triangle shirtwaist factory fire - fire in ny sweatshop, lead to movement to improve sweatshop conditions, legal involvement to protect workers - companies paid insurance on inventory, often fires on inventory for money so they didn't had good fire suppression systems, factory mostly female immigrant teenagers, overhead of tables was tissue paper, below was crate of scraps, had 2 stairwells and a freight elevator, in late afternoon first started from match or cigarette, spread quickly, most of eighth floor got out but some didn’t because an exterior door was locked (because of earlier strike, wanted them all to leave from one exit so they could make sure they weren’t stealing), some started to jump, over in 30 minutes, 146 dead, manslaughter trial against owners, found not guilty, led to requirement of fire safety (sprinklers, fire escape)

Consumer safety - people had little clue what was in their food/medicine, ex. Heroin in cough medicine, nerve medicine with cocaine, baby syrup with morphine

Pure food and drug act - required accurate labeling of ingredients and no harmful additives, said no interstate transport of “adulterated” foods (modification to fool consumer)

Meat inspection act - after the jungle, inspect carcasses and meat before slaughter, sanitary conditions in slaughterhouses

Alternatives to capitalism - many challenging capitalism - socialism/socialist movement and eugene debs - public ownership of the means of production, opposite of capitalism, “workers are enslaved by capitalism”

Anarchists - believed the problem in society is government, corporations run government

Trusts and monopolies - policies of tr - government supervision of capitalism, but it's still preferable

Northern securities v. US - j p morgan creates giant railroad trust and government gets involved and effectively used the sherman antitrust act to stop the trust

Woodrow wilson and the federal trade commission act - prevents predatory pricing

Clayton antitrust act - add on to sherman, said strikes were legal and clearly defined trusts and monopolies (no buy/own competitor stock)

Political machines - problems: “spoils system”, giving government jobs to supporters, corruption (money buys politicians), solutions: civil service act (pendleton act) - says that government jobs are by merit and not supporting a party

17th amendment - senators are directly elected, not by state legislatures

Initiatives, referendums, recalls - recalls were recall election that could vote someone back out of a political office

Initiative - if people want law changed, they can create petitions and draft a law themselves to get it on the ballot

Referendum - when the state gives the decision to the people (instead of legislature deciding, people do)

Conservation - problem: depletion of resources, solution: national park service, reserves

African americans - problem: lynchings, jim crow segregation, solution: naacp under w e b dubois, booker t washington advocated for trade schools, education, movement to make national association fo the advancement of colored people, wanted to go against laws, seek judicial equality - alternative to booker t washington (self-sufficincy, vocational education)

Final component of progressivism - women’s suffrage movement, outgrowth of abolition movement, women’s rights convention (seneca falls in 1848) denounces restrictions on women, need suffrage

arguments against - voting not a “woman’s place”, would ruin family, up divorce rate, men are strong (it's their world) - 14 and 15 amendment - setbacks?

Territory of wyoming 1869 - universal suffrage, congress said no when they applied to be a state and they said they wouldn’t be state, by 1890 as state let women vote

Progressives take up suffrage, look at success (influence of ida tarbell and others)

World war I men go to war, women take jobs held by men, paid more, more skilled jobs

19th amendment gives women the right to vote

Election of 1912 - republican party and president william howard taft - tr essentially hand picked him, moves directions, runs for reelection v roosevelt in party - taft determined to beat tr and preserve conservatism in republican party

Platform - high tariffs, limits on female and child labor, workman’s compensation, against initiative referendum and recall - some liberal, some conservative - get rid of bad trusts, federal trade commission, gold standard, conservation because of finite resources

The gop in chicago - tr v taft in primaries, tr wins them, has advantage, states run by party want conservatism - tr said republican party needs to stand for rights of humanity not special privilege, but tr’s delegates (voters) in primaries were refused credentials (wouldn’t let them in) - they stole the nomination from roosevelt, him and supporters left the convention, splitting republican party, progressive party meets and nominates roosevelt - split one party, opens up the door for the other

Progressive party and tr - platform was new nationalism, was assassination attempt during speech and tr kept going - was controversial for him to go for a third term

Platform - women’s suffrage, graduated income tax (based on how much you make), inheritance tax on rich, lower tariffs, limits on campaign spending, in favor of initiative referendum and recall, minimum wage, social insurance for poor, no child labor, worker’s compensation

Socialist party - eugene v deb, socialism v. capitalism, peaked in 1912

Platform - government ownership of means of production, income tax, no tariffs, 8 hour work day, improve housing, inspect factories (because of triangle), women’s suffrage, abolish senate and presidential veto

Democratic party and woodrow wilson - reform governor from nj, president of princeton, racist, takes some power of democratic party in nj

fform - new freedom, government control of monopolies, rid of trusts, tariff reduction, one term presidency, direct election of senators, department of labor, strengthen sherman antitrust act, wilson very against women’s suffrage, opposed to central bank in favor of federal reserve

Argument for suffrage - taft against, tr for

Lynching and race issue - lynching increasing, some progressives wanted anti lynching laws federally, civil rights

Election results - split in republican party gave win to wilson, 100,000 fewer people voted for wilson than bryan in 1908, election marked peak in socialist party

9 - imperialism and world war I

Imperialism - forcible expansion through military and or economic means - previously - manifest destiny, monroe doctrine,

Alfred thayer mahan - admiral, us navy, teacher at naval war college, writes “influence of sea power on history” - says in order for US to be successful (international power), they need a modern fleet, caribbean bases, canal at the isthmus of panama (to connect pacific and atlantic), pacific bases for refueling and protecting trade routes - important people read and believed it - mckinley and tr

Cuba and the spanish-american war - origins of war - 1878, following a rebellion against spain, spain promist to give some self-government and end slavery (only slavery ends) - us only cares because of sugar

Second rebelion - jose marti, cuban poet/exile who wants total independence v general valeriano weyler “butcher”, spanish commander in cuba who forces 1.6 million cubans into concentration camps, cubans die because spain was not prepared - us hears about it

Yellow journalism - exaggerated stories to sell newspapers

Joseph pulitzer (new york world) v william randolph hearst (new york journal), competing, looking for stories, hearst sends frederick remington, was illustrator to cuba for war, remington said it wasn’t war, hearst makes it into bigger story than it was - people saw paper and were mad, increased tension between spain the the us

De lome letter - personal letter of the spanish minister of the us to his friend, talked bad about mckinley and government, it was intercepted and sent to us government, the people got mad about it and said it was the worst insult to our country ever

USS Maine - battle cruiser, sent to “protect american interests” in cuba, it blew up in the harbor, press blamed spain, cubans had the most to gain from it, removed in 1911, find it was internal explosion

War - us had ultimatum and demanded spain leave cuba, spain doesn’t bur declares cease fire, congress declares war

Teller amendment - said us will not take cuba as a colonial holding - the speaker of the house was powerful, he resigned because he didn’t agree with the war

Us at war - battle of manila bay - first real engagement of war, in philippines, designed to get land for base in the pacific, spanish fleet loses badly

Tr and the rough riders - volunteers for war (assistant secretary of navy resigned for cavalry), many had experience with horses or fighting, went to tampa but didn’t have space for horses, many seasick, shoved horses overboard once the got to cuba, violence, yellow fever, malaria killed most

Kittle and san juan hills were cavalry battles, ⅓ were african americans, mades tr national hero

Battle of santiago bay - surrounded, one at a time spanish boats blasted

Cease fire called

Treaty of paris - ended the war, says spanish will free cuba (made temporary protectorate, technically following the teller amendment), gain guam, puerto rico, philippines (negotiate guantanamo bay), pay spain 20 million

Aftermath - separate from war, hawaii annexed in 1898, number of americans there for sugar and pineapple, Dole perfects process to can it, because of tariffs products taxed, have bloodless coup to overthrow monarchy, dole independently got the marines to help, asked us to annex and they didn’t until 1898, becomes territory
Philippine insurrection - us said they weren’t prepared for independence, captured leader and forced them to end the insurrection, taft commits to rebuilding and eventually give independence to the philippines

Tr and the panama canal - french tried in 1870’s, ferdinand de lesseps of suez did it at suez canal, was different area than suez, disease, de lesseps uses investor money for himself, he wants canal at sea level, bankrupts, efforts abandoned

Hay-pauncefote treaty - says us can dig canal if other countries can use it, colombia left out, negotiate hay-herran treaty - gives colombia 10 million dollars up front and 250 000 yearly to build canal - not binding until ratified, colombia rejects it

Panamanian revolution - french panamanian shows up to get canal built (if us doesn’t buy, he doesn’t get money), a panamanian group declared independence, when colombian troops arrive they find us navy, us government recognizes panamanian independence 24 hours later, sign hay-bonavaria treaty - the gave panama the same deal they offered columbia

It changed the distance between pacific and atlantic oceans, build it in steps, create lake in river, technological accomplishment

Roosevelt corollary to the monroe doctrine - says if any country interferes in latin america, it’ll be the US, tr has fleet painted white and sail across world to show us power

Panama canal opens in 1914 after loss of 5400 lives (yellow fever)

Checked off everything on alfred thayer mahan’s list

Us foreign engagement - russo-japanese war - comes to stalemate, tr calls to portsmouth, mediates peace, tr gets nobel - japan emerges as biggest US rival in pacific

Taft-katsura agreement - agreement between japan and US, basically splits up pacific into spheres of influence, says japan stays out of philippines and US won’t interfere in korea

Gentlemen’s agreement - not treaty, both sides agreed to not have additional japanese immigration to US in exchange for japanese equality in california (humiliation to japanese)

Taft: “dollar diplomacy” - economic imperialism, encouraged US commercial investments in caribbean, seek to guarantee loans to south and central america (said if s and c america countries couldn’t pay loans, us pays but us goes in to get money back)

Wilson “moral diplomacy” - wanted to teach s and c america democracy, intervene in governments, doesn’t work, as a result us troops sent to many countries

Mexico - extension of moral diplomacy, intervene in mexico 2 times, us sailors were arrested in mexico, us navy shelled city and marines took over, later when wilson didn’t like president he sent weapons to warlords, when us stopped supporting, pancho villa was mad and entered the us, “punitive expedition” invades mexico, embarrassment, can't find pancho villa but never captures, after months us withdraws under pressure (us unprepared for war)

Us response to war in europe - isolationist - ish, trade with both sides (didn’t learn from 1812 war), us was invested in one side because it was hard to trade with central powers, us makers of artillery shells, us banks loan france and britain money for ammunition, in 1915 germans set up spy network in US, sabotage efforts made, fires in mid atlantic ships, wilson knew, in 1916 depot for shipping ammunition, black tom island, fire started and island exploded by german agents, didn’t want people to know, was act of war by germans (largest attack on US until 9/11)

Domestic reaction - horror over casualties, nationalities show support for homeland, progressives and socialists don’t want people to get distracted from what they want to do - shift in country against germany

Lack of us preparedness - army had 100 000 men, rely on other nations for high tech

Election of 1916 - wilson runs again, says he kept US out of war, we declared war 1 month after he's sworn in

New innovations - aircraft, dogfighting, zeppelins, machine gun, tanks, poison gas, u - boats (unrestricted submarine warfare, sinking of the lusitania - not cause of entering war), germans would blow up any ships in area, passenger ship carrying explosives, ship goes down, kills 1200, changes direction of sympathies, germans shortly back off submarine warfare

Us enters the war - sussex pledge - after another ship sinking, germany pledged no unrestricted warfare if us gets britain to stop blockade

Zimmermann telegram - said in the event of war against the us, mexico should join germany and in return they would get back land in the southwest us, british intelligence found and gave it to the us, wilson knew press would make it worse, americans still dying of submarine warfare, wilson asks to declare war

Us in the great war - have draft “selective service”, randomly chosen, only 73 000 volunteer, arsenal for democracy - wilson, industrial backbone of allies

War industry board - wilson administration controls strategic industries, small scale command economy

Rationing - food and fuel administrations take control of rationing vital things

War labor board - takes over and denies union rights to strike during the wartime

Start of second great migration - african americans leave south for jobs in the northern cities, 1 in 7 leave south

Espionage and sedition acts - up to 10 000 dollar fine and 20 years in prison for interfering with the draft, obstructing in bond sales, saying bad things about government or war effort - socialist and labor leaders targeted

Schenck v. us - schenck was against war, arrested for sending letters about how he didn’t like war, schenck loses, court “clear and present danger” which outlines the reasons for restriction of 1st amendment

1918, the end - troops entered combat under john j pershing, he doesn’t allow french to take his troops under french leadership, wilson backs pershing, troops trained and fight under us command

German spring offensive - put everything they had into one blow, 50 divisions from the russian front, try to stop allies before the us can change anything, works shortly, new us troops stop offensive, germany essentially used up all of their forces

Both sides wanted to end the war bur wilson didn’t listen for another month - he killed 50 000 us soldiers because he wanted to end the germans

Armistice - means cease-fire, use of word and no front lines in germany, later used by nazis

Post war - peace - wilson’s 14 points - idealized view of post-war world - proposed: no secret alliances, freedom of the seas, no tariffs or economic barriers, arms reduction, colonial policies for interests of colonial people, boundary changes in europe, league of nations - idea of international organization to maintain peace between countries

Outcome - treaty of versailles - considered a main cause of WWII, humiliated german nation, said reparations were 5 billion pounds that germans can’t realistically pay, blame clause forced germany to take entirety of blame for entire war, germany lost substantial territory, put limits on german military, germany's rhineland was demilitarized, couldn’t manufacture weapons, no tanks, artillery, aircraft, etc., limited navy - too much humiliation for germany

10 - 1920’s and 30’s

American society in the 20s - foreign policy - some believed that if they could change the system they could stop wars, isolationist, rejection of league of nations and treaty of versailles, high tariffs on imports (smoot-hawley tariff act) made it hard for european powers to pay back war debts (US had thriving economy and europe didn’t), germany had hard time paying back reparations, US encourages britain and france to lay off reparations, britain and france want US debts laid off, we have conference to loan money to germany so they could pay reparations (transferred debt for britain and france to US) (just makes cycle of debt), make various agreements to truly end war

Washington naval treaty - limits the size of navy, creates 5:5:3 ratio - for every 5 tons of british ships, US has 5, japan has 3, limits navies based on tonnage and size of ocean (makes WWII in pacific more likely, japanese knew it stoppen navy arms race, japan can keep building because they weren't at the ratio, continue to build after ratio met, US was stuck with an outdated and separated fleet while japan had a large modern one)

Kellogg-briand pact - they make war illegal (had no way to punish for it, problem was that they believed in it, contributes to appeasem*nt in 30s

The 18th amendment - (only amendment that takes away rights), bans the manufacture, sale, importation of alcohol, technically consumption wasn’t illegal

Volstead act - defines “intoxication liquors” and put in place penalties - it didn’t stop people, some made their own, got prescriptions, or went into international waters

Alcohol led to rise of organized crime - al capone in chicago was arrested for tax evasion, was movement to repeal 18th, capone killed other mobsters in st. valentine's day massacre

“Speakeasies” - illegal bars and nightclubs, gives it more appeal

Most of america was still conservative and god fearing, census shows america as more urban than rural

Scopes trial - tennessee teacher broke the law and taught evolution and not the bible, scopes was arrested, people flood into dayton, leads to two lawyers: clarence darrow, william jennings bryan - scopes found guilty and pays fine - bryan humiliated

Harlem renaissance - literature, music especially jazz, whites were interested as well, first time african american culture appealed to whites

Domestic “non-tranquility” - nativism - fear of things “non-american”, because of rise of communism, socialism,, anarchists - anarchist bombings tried to disrupt US economy and government

Bombs sent to attorney general, leads raids against those groups

Bombing of wall street 1920 - street was symbol of american economic power and capitalism, somebody pulled wagon into middle of street, huge explosion went off, metal fragments go into crowd, leaves a hole in the ground, search, nobody prosecuted, chief suspect left country - “palmer raids” to capture suspected socialists, anarchists, communists, many responsible were immigrants and weren’t allowed habeas corpus

Sacco and vanzetti case - anarchist italian immigrants arrested and accused of murder and robbery on circ*mstantial evidence, public outcry around the world to reconsider, they were convicted and executed, judge was prejudicial towards them

The kkk - hated everyone, including catholics, immigrants, and blacks, they ad a convention in DC, being in ti was almost normal

Race riots ensue

Tulsa race riots - black lived in area of oklahoma, whites mad with them and burn their community down

Black rights - marcus garvey and the “back to africa” movement, thought blacks wouldn’t be equal, he created ship line or people to immigrate back to africa, he oversold tickets and couldn’t send all of them, government investigates and charges him with fraud and deported him

Lynching was still a problem, there was a surge in lynching, even in north, southern states were not charging for murder, still no anti-lynching law

Immigration - emergency quota act - restricted immigration based on numbers already in US - was for everyone

National origins act - (johnson-reed act) - said 2% of national group living in US (1890 census), intentionally is for less “undesirable immigration”, extend asian exclusion act

Warren g harding - has was a player, not really equipped to be president but people liked him, laissez faire and isolationist

Politics and scandal - promised return to normalcy during campaign

Teapot dome scandal - US navy oil reserves in teapot dome were leased to oil companies in exchange for kickbacks to secretary of interior albert fall after he had the land transferred to his department, fall goes to trial and prison

Ohio gang - came to washington with harding, kind of allowed his friends to do what they wanted

harding dies unexpectedly in SF, coolidge becomes the new president

Calvin coolidge - laissez faire, isolationist, “silent cal”

Herbert hoover - coordinated aide for europe in wilson’s administration, self-made, considered a failure even though later presidents ask him for advice, non interventionist in other countries wars

Women’s “emancipation” - 19th amendment gave them the vote, women sometimes went unchaperoned on dates, they embraced new “freedoms”, changes in fashion and lifestyle, doesn’t emphasize femininity as much, they cut their hair

“Flappers” and “vamps” - flappers embraced new changes, vamps tried everything, men and women experimented in relationships, more children born out of wedlock

Sports - became a bigger deal, babe ruth was first individual sports celebrity, started to number uniforms

Start to see first full length films, in 1927 “talkies” grew, idea of “stars” were new - rudolph valentino and lillian gish - movies began to be a big industry - expanded the middle class, used disposable income

American consumerism - idea of buying things to make life better/easier, expansion of electricity, consumer goods - cars, home appliances, radios, vacuum cleaners allowed wall to wall carpet, refrigerators replace ice boxes, freed up extra time, stoves

Credit - installment payments become norm “buy now, pay later”, leads to increase in consumer debt (great depression foreshadowing?), contributes to economic success, creates demand for products, creates more jobs, but people start to max out credit and peak

Advertisem*nt - impact on consumer buying, people convinced to buy stuff, advertising firms convinced you to buy stuff you wouldn't otherwise buy

Planned obsolescence - products built to last only a given period of time, for people to buy new stuff

Love affair with cars began in 20s, gave opportunity to travel independently, motels rose too, shift in economy to support transportation

Saw beginning air industry, early airlines sell seats to wealthy, government postal service uses them for transport

Economic reality - most americans weren’t apart of tremendous economic boom and are getting by, farmers broke started to damage banking system (signs were there, everyone just ignored them)

Economics of coming depression - circ*mstances - americans had way too much consumer debt - impacts banks and individuals - farmers prices were falling because of overproduction, depressed since 1919 - high tariffs were put on other countries (smoot-hawley tariff act), they do same, international trade decreases because of high prices, uneven wealth distribution, average worker not paid much, doesn’t help businesses long term, companies produced too much and couldn’t sell, employees lid off, machines in factories replaced human workers

Economics of depression - GDP - gross domestic product - measure of all economic output of an economy

Recession - 2 consecutive quarters of negative economic growth

Depression - prolonged, severe recession, generally with loss of 10% or more GDP

inflation/deflation - decrease/increase in value of money

Investment access - stocks - partial ownership of a publicly traded corporation

Stock market - place to buy and sell stocks

Creates and destroys wealth - more money to bid raised market

“Buying on margin” - borrowing up to 90% of a stock’s cost - risks? - when stock goes down they still owe money

Margin call - when broker makes investor put more funds into their margin account

When banks see stock went down, come up with difference between what you have and owe, sold other stock for money and that stock went down, need to pay margin call on that, chain of events implodes market in 2 days

Psychology of stocks convinced people it would keep going up

The stock market crashes, lost 89%, wall street panic

Changed viewpoints and most money came out of banks

Bank failures - banks in agricultural areas suffered because farmers suffered, some made bad investments and didn’t have insurance, 9000 failed by 1932 people thought it was the new normal - changed psychology again, stuck with that generation

Economic realities - businesses fail, wages and hours cut, more malnourished

Dust bowl - extensive drought after above average rainfall, over 75% of country 1931-39, farmers continued in hope rai would come, high winds and drought spread topsoil, friction of dust created static discharge that pulled up more dust and killed plants

Added on with overproduction, bank failures, farmers left

25% unemployment, 25% hours and wages cut

Had no government relief for homeless and unemployed, soup kitchen and breadlines breadlines cared for them, many assumed capitalism and democracy failed

Questioned role of government - stage 1 - laissez faire for 1st year, stage 2 intervention (foreign debt moratorium, public works) - hoover thought it would boost investment

Hoover’s government reacts - he didn’t know how to handle it, people had general belief in “rugged individualism”, relying on selves - issue of “bonus expeditionary army” who wanted their bonus for fighting in WWI early but congress was short of money, they try to go to washington like coxey’s army, congress doesn’t pass acceleration, hoover refused to meet with them, hoover allowed his chief of staff to get rid of camp and burn it, in the midst of presidential campaign - democrats pinned depression on hoover, gave election to fdr

Squatters camps popped up, unemployment going into election

Election of 1932 - hoover v fdr, at that point hoover had no chance, democrats “smelled blood”, congress obstructs hoover’s plans, fdr promises “new deal”, bank system collapses in between election and inauguration

Fdr - embraced modern media, only one to be elected 4 times, paralysis waist down, few knew extent, came from family of money, married to eleanor, had working relationship, she went on trips on his behalf, was face of his administration, believed in interventionist government to end depression - relief, recovery, reform

The new deal -

Relief - immediate assistance to those in desperate need, extend hoover’s federal emergency relief administration

First 100 days - more things passed out of congress than normally in 2 years

Recovery - end depression, put unemployed to work

Reform - prevent from happening again (change government's role in society)

Financial reforms - trying to stop collapse of system

Emergency banking act - closed all banks to decide which should be closed, prevents bank runs - people wanted the president to do something, no bank runs and deposit into banks when they reopen, increased confidence in banks

Glass-steagall act - separated commercial from private banking, created federal deposit insurance corporation - insures money in bank if bank fails

We go off gold standard after france went off and ended up pulling gold out of britain and US, go off to defend supply, also said americans couldn’t own old, law required them to turn it in

Securities and exchange commission (still exists) - created to enforce acts to regulate company finances, cops of stock market

Civilian conservation corps - intended to make young men work, concern that men will be problem, not forced but intended to send young men into military structured camps to improve land, made national parks, planted trees in west, paid 30/month and 25 to go home, voluntary to create jobs, fed into expansion of army because was kind of basic training

Agricultural adjustment administration (still exists) - problem: low prices on agriculture goods, solutions: for the government to buy surplus goods, they didn’t always use it well, just destroyed it to keep prices higher, it also paid farmers not to plant (subsidies) (populists?), prices recover

Organized labor -

National labor relations (wagner) act - recognized right to organize, bargain, and strike, creates national labor relations board to oversee labor relations

Fair labor standards act - ends child labor, creates federal minimum wage, created standard of 8 hour day and 40 hour week

Congress of industrial organization - national union of unskilled workers, sit down striking

Works progress administration - biggest of new deal, extend pwa, was government creating public works jobs, built schools, libraries, buildings, tried to change psychology of depression, included employment of artists and musicians, federal writers project recorded culture and history of US to keep writers at work

Challengers to government - some though new deal was too much, too little or not right, other countries shifting to totalitarianism, people went against

Huey long - could have been our hitler, he didn’t want democracy, only interested in power, “share the wealth” wanted to give money, give everyone jobs with minimum salary, get rid of debt, free education, pension, was against fdr for democratic nomination, assassinated (he controlled state of louisiana as dictator)

Father coughlin - anti semitic fascist, supported hitler, anti capitalist, wants to nationalize banks, was radio “demagogue”, catholic church shut him down

Dr francis townsend - proposed more radical, give everyone over 60 200 dollars/month they had to spend, idea was to use spending to stimulate economy, social security eventually answers

Fdr’s court packing - starts with schechter poultry v. US - big corporations didn’t like government intervention, supreme court declared new deal programs unconstitutional, fdr sees as dismantling of programs, fdr didn’t want conservative judges he didn’t appoint, he wanted to have judiciary reorganization bill of 1937 - if judge reaches age and doesn’t retire, they add more juices (wanted to protect new deal) - it didn’t pass, many uncomfortable with it, interfered with separation of powers - fdr eventually gets his was - “switch in time that saved nine” - 2 justices switched to rule in favor of new deal, later fdr has vacancies to fill - find social security, wagner, minimum wage, legal, pr defeat for fdr

Tennessee valley authority - area of low electricity and high poverty, intended to generate electricity with damming and lower floods - government subsidized utility

Social security act - anti poverty act, intended for workers to pay some tax to go to those in poverty and elderly - taxes for benefits

Rural electrification administration - brings electricity to those far from power grids

End results - new deal didn’t end depression, ramp up to WWII did, it permanently takes country away from laissez faire ideology, increased role in regulation and intervention (creates mixed economy, socialism), depression was primary reason for totalitarianism/fascism which lead to war

11 - World War II

Causes of wwII - treaty of versailles - economic impact and humiliation on germany, reparations crippled german economy and led to hyperinflation in 1923, while germany tried to create republic, in 1923 france basically invades them and took what they wanted (same year as hitler’s coup d'etat) , reaction to inflation and french occupation of ruhr

Rise of totalitarianism - totalitarian regimes tend to affect neighbors, rose during depression, benito mussolini in italy, emperor hirohito in japan but real power with hideki tojo and the military, adolf hitler in germany, democratically elected in 1933, gained power through fear, wrote plans in mein kampf, joseph stalin in USSR, francisco franco in spain, waits to see how the war goes and doesn’t join - germany italy and japan became the axis powers

Appeasem*nt - to give in to an aggressor in hopes of satisfying his wants

1934 italy invades ethiopia, 35 italy invades albania, germany withdraws from the treaty of versailles, 36 germany remilitarized the rhineland and no one does anything, 38 germany “absorbs” austria (anschluss), munich conference - germany takes the sudetenland - hitler threatened war if he didn’t get land (got in munich, czechoslovakia not included even though it was their land), 39 germany occupies czechoslovakia - 39 non-aggression pact between germany and ussr to prevent a 2 front war, september 1 1939 germany invades poland, french and british tell him to stop, 2 days later they go to war

Europe in war - molotov-ribbentrop act - soviet-german non-aggression pact to prevent germany from being in a 2 front war, also said ussr would get half of poland in invasion - allied ultimatum to stop was ignored, war declared, first use of blitzkrieg (lightning war), poland dismembered and doesn’t exist by the end of the month, government sets up in england in exile, einsatzgruppen - they roundup groups and begin execution of systematic groups, seems like phony war, french sit behind maginot line, perfect defense, wait for same war as ww1

40 Germany invades denmark and norway, 2 weeks later invasion of holland, belgium and france, go around french fortifications, british army evacuates ¼ million men from dunkirk (operation dynamo), france surrenders

Battle of britain - germany wasn’t really prepared, wanted air superiority, bomb industry and military, later civilians and saves england by giving them the chance to regroup

US role - isolationism - most have little interest in the war

Nye committee - said US involvement in ww1 was not noble but for corporate profit - 71% believe they were tricked into the war

Neutrality act of 1935 - no sale of weapons or financing, will keep US from joining wars for profit (fdr tries to find ways around it)

“Cash and carry” - said they won’t loan money to buy weapons, but if the other countries come buy it in the US and ship it, it was fine

The british run out of money, we “swap” ships for access to english bases, most people see fdr pulling them closer to war, leads to controversial act

Lend-lease - allows president to designate country as vital to US security, then they can be lended weapons, not to be paid back

Summer 1941 - to relieve uk, we tell world we will protect shipping in western hemisphere, defend waters “deem necessary for defense”, shoot u-boats on sight - neutral country in naval war - not actions of neutral country

“America first” movement - group of americans, think real threat if fdr, to keep US out of war, led by charles lindbergh

Ww2 pacific theater - japan’s war in asia - japan expand into asia, want to establish the greater east asia co-prosperity sphere

31 invade manchuria in china, put puppet emperor, 37 open warfare in china, “the rape of nanjing” - japanese use biological warfare on civilians in china, almost every woman raped, many left dead in streets

US has boycott of oil products and don’t send japan resources in hopes of getting them to pull out of china

Japan needs US resources, can back down or find new oil

Looked to replace it by taking dutch east indies, but the US protected philippines were in the way

US people wouldn’t get behind the war, japan thought fleet at pearl harbor was in between them and the dutch east indies

Didn’t know industrial output would be more than they could keep up with, military guy gave them six months before they couldn’t keep up with US

We knew japan would attack

Oil storage, fuel supply, repair facilities, aircraft carriers not hit it attack on pearl harbor

All ships returned to service except USS oklahoma, utah, and arizona

2403 killed, caught unaware, the next day fdr asks for declaration of war, germany hen declares war on US and we declare back

Phase 1 - japan offensive - take wake island, guam, se asia, dutch east indies

Philippines attacked, US and Filipino forces hold out until may, role of gen. Douglas macarthur, ordered out of philippines

Bataan death march - those left behind forced to march for 6 days, 40% made it to camp and ⅓ of those made it to the end of the war

Japanese have to figure out how to defend the new land, US people demoralized by losses

Leaders want to defeat germany first and then japan, US people not on board

Fdr orders strike - doolittle raid - doolittle flies in low visibility, they get him to use bombers, aircraft carriers carry him and bombs, launch early, successfully take off in bombers from aircraft carriers for the first time, supposed to bring morale to the american people

We put navy in coral sea so japan doesn’t take australia

Coral sea - navy stops move into australia, change in navy, 1st naval battle in history where neither fleet could see each other (aircraft carriers), sink 1 US, damage 1, 2 japanese damaged - used the undamaged repair facilities at pearl harbor to bring it back in time for midway - no one wins the battle, US won strategically because japan didn’t get australia

Midway - island in US possession, used by planes to cross pacific, actually part of hawaii, pick up messages that japan will strike a territory, midway has no water, try to trick japanese to find where, found out it was midway, japan has less carriers then predicted, 4-3, we discover their fleet first, japanese planes scout aircraft carriers and unload bombs for, torpedoes, carriers hit and 3 japanese sunk because of explosives, japanese loses last carrier, US loses planes and yorktown damaged, turning point in war because japan no longer goes on offensive, japan has unsustainable losses (carriers and pilots), US on offensive, was 6 months after pearl harbor just like yamamoto said they had, US industrial might shown, japan can’t keep up with training pilots, by 1945 japanese navy ceases to exist/function, US has more carriers

Japanese internment camps - think they are threat to US national security, established by executive order #9066, fdr orders, creates 2 western military district and moves japanese americans into japanese internment camps in inner US, violates rights of americans but court doesn’t agree, have to give up homes and businesses, more than 17000 from camps enlist in the military

Hirabayashi v. US and korematsu v. US - both supreme court cases, japanese in internment camps sue over fifth amendment rights being violated, supreme court says that during war they can take whatever measures necessary to protect national security

Women and the war effort - WACS - women activated for combat service - enlisted in the military to free up more men for combat, also helped with the production of war materials, rationed materials

Production “miracle” - the enormous rate of economic production

Major US engagements of european theater -

operation torch - stalin wanted a second front to take pressure off ussr, US lands on north coast of africa - significance - first US ground commitment to combat, allies begin to push germans back, US v vichy france, US with gb win in may 43

Operations husky and avalanche and the war in italy - attacking “soft underbelly”, because ussr wanted second front in france but gb convinces US to go for italy, to remove mussolini from axis, reality - takes 2 years to get there, brutal for both sides

Monte cassino and gustav line - mussolini out, US in sicily, start push back in italy and east front

Aerial bombardment - US in day, gb at night, try to get germans to surrender, industrial targets, wanted to stop their ability to make war, prepared france for invasion, effect on oil, munitions, fertilizer, food

Operation overlord - invasion of france - why: real second front and final defeat of germany, at normandy, the plan: deception, try to not let germans know where they were, used fake armies, landed in normandy, we had air supremacy, stormed 5 beaches, new troops at omaha, took 6 hours to get past cliff, were successful, still huge massacre on each, france is liberated, ussr fights with other front

Hitler tries for one last push

He wants to send all remaining troops, hitler was delusional

Battle of the bulge - hitler’s last effort to win in the west, was to break through ardenne forest - largest battle in history of US army, germans initially successful, 101st airborne division ordered, face freezing temperatures, entirely surrounded, german officer presents terms for them to surrender and US officer refused, “battered bastards of bastogne”, hold out for 3 days, reserves come, germany had little left to defend homeland

Germans ordered to fight until the end

Hitler kills himself, germany surrenders

At yalta germany was split up in 4 between winning powers

Importance of overlord - germany already losing, if it didn't succeed it wouldn't be tried until next year, ussr would have had more land, cold war would have been different

Phase two - US takes charge - begin to push back against japan, jungle warfare for first time, japanese don’t quit and would rather have suidice missions

Guadalcanal - start of US offensive actions against japanese, want to take henderson field, japanese put everything into it

“Island hopping” - gradual march across pacific to japan, try to find weak parts, cut off some islands - solomon islands, tarawa, iwo jima, okinawa

Contextualization - great depression?, cold war, treaty of versailles/ww1, totalitarianism, washington naval treaty/kellogg-briand pact, gentlemen’s agreement

Wrapping up the war - iwo jima and okinawa - assaults closer to japan in preparation for invasion, iwo jima used as base for japan, very costly and first time there were equal deaths on both sides

The manhattan project - knew germany was building an atomic bomb, start before we join war, secret program began, two separate teams, plutonium and uranium, try to create perfect implosion, not really conversation about using it, wanted to save american lives, knew japan wouldn’t surrender - they had no fuel, starving people, thought 2-4 million would have died of starvation without the bomb

Aug. 6 we drop bomb on hiroshima, ussr declares war on japan, on 10th drop on nagasaki, no japanese response, on the 14the the emperor makes announcement that they need to surrender, on 15 they do - expected that many more would have died without it

Vj day - ends the war on uss missouri, sept 2 1945

12 - Civil Rights

“Separate but equal” and plessy v. ferguson - case that defines interpretation of 14th amendment - law considered anyone ⅛ or more Black were colored and segregated, plessy was ⅛, he intentionally broke that law by buying a first class ticket and boarding white only train car, arrested, about interpreting equal protection clause, idea that all are treated the same by laws, said equal protection said they couldn’t segregate, the ruling creates legalized segregation, as long as both have access to facilities then its equal - decides legal vs social equality - legal meant access to everything was equal, social meant all had access to things of the same quality - supreme court ruled that 14th amendment only applies to legal equality - ultimately basis for legal segregation across country

“Jim crow” - separated, races didn’t interact, was fine as long as it was available

Lloyd gaines and the university of missouri - sort of alone, gaines went to all black college and applied to missouri law school because there wasn’t a black law school, u of m rejected him on basis of race, gaines sued saying it broke plessy v. ferguson, state would pay difference to go to out of state law school, takes it to court in gaines v. canada, sues and basically wins, supreme court said if separate facility was not available then the student must be admitted to white school, gaines goes to michigan and missouri just builds black law school

Jackie robinson and post war - blacks served in the war, some come back after fights ing freedom, jackie robinson plays baseball, he shatters divide, baseball was big sport, no blacks had played in white major league, white and negro leagues, after war Branch rickey of dodgers looks for talent to break color barrier, rickey wanted to fill seats and beat other teams, needed someone who could take abuse, 1947 robinson starts at 2nd base, may teammates don’t want to play with him, forced by contract, jackie uses skill to kind of hange minds, he owns mlb record for most hom base steals

Truman desegregated the military - military still segregated, blacks in military still treated badly, truman decides to do something, has executive order desegregating military #9981, but many resist it, not through congress

Brown v. Board of education of Topeka, et. al. - linda brown in kansas wanted to go to white only school, denied, topeka only desegregating middle and high schools, she had to go 8 blocks to the all black school, naacp were looking for a case to fight, chosen, sues based on “equal protection under law”, asking to overturn plessy v. ferguson, unanimous ruling: separate is inherently unequal - 2nd ruling - how to put into place, order desegregation with “all deliberate speed”, leaves it up to society, legal definition changes but nothing happens right away, ruling only applies to education

Murder of emmett till - 14 year old black boy from chicago, lynched for whistling at white woman, his body was found in river, was put on public display and 100,000 people see it, the murderers were found not guilty by a all white jury, completely admitted to it a year later - brings attention to those who didn’t care

Montgomery bus boycott - rosa parks arrested for not giving up her seat, volunteered for naacp, fined and doesn’t pay, boycott and create economic damage to bus line, bus owners wanted agreement but politicians didn’t, blacks demanded unsegregated seating, black bus drivers, resist violence and intimidation tactics, emergence of martin luther king jr and southern christian leadership conference and civil disobedience - peacefully breaking unjust laws to challenge it, after the supreme court rules segregated public transportation unconstitutional

Little rock central high school - schools ordered to desegregate by supreme court, governor orval faubus running for reelection and orders national guard to stop the 9 black students from attending, when students attend violence breaks out and they’re removed, dwight d eisenhower president, state defied federal court order, moment eisenhower takes action, 101st airborne goes in, takes over national guard in arkansas, military escorts black students to and from school, faubus still reelected, little rock schools shut down, after they open up desegregated - executive branch being willing to enforce court orders

Sit-ins - intentional breaking of segregation laws, creates economic pressure on businesses, occupy lunch counters until served, tried to create sympathy, didn’t retaliate

Freedom riders - supreme court had ruled segregation in interstate travel unconstitutional, freedom riders chose to do their own form of civil disobedience - get on buses and ride around south, blacks and whites intentionally violate local laws - student nonviolent coordinating committee, violence against them, arrested, “bull connor” in birmingham becomes known

University of mississippi - after a federal court order james meredith enrolls in the newly desegregated u of mississippi, attorney general robert kennedy sent federal marshals, violence ensues where 2 were killed and 160 marshals wounded

University of alabama - governor george wallace bars admission of 2 black students, kennedy calls and makes agreement that the door will be barred, make speech, then students go in to avoid violence

March in washington - 250000 math and camp out in dc mall, attempt to pressure congress to push a serious civil flights act, king’s famous speech from steps of lincoln memorial

Birmingham, alabama - called “bombingham” because of 18 unsolved bombings in black neighborhoods and freedom rider run-ins, city organizers don’t get permit to demonstrate but do anyway, king arrested and writes “letter from birmingham jail” - basically destroys the economy of downtown birmingham, jails filled, to prevent further marches “bull connor” has fire hoses and dogs, reported on news, business leaders agree to hire more blacks and desegregate counters

Birmingham church bombing - kkk bombs 16th street baptist church on sunday morning, kills 4 young black girls, fbi does not charge suspects as locals will not cooperate to prosecute, eventually one convicted in 1977 and 2 others in 2001 and 2002

Civil rights act of 1964 - first real effort by congress to do anything, lbj plays off legacy of jfk, prohibits discrimination in government, public facilities, employment, barred unequal voting requirements, equal literacy tests, didn’t outlaw literacy tests and poll taxes, but there were still circ*mstances where they couldn’t get voting rights

Selma to montgomery marches - in selma they wouldn’t allow african americans to register to vote, groups assemble in selma to march to montgomery for voting rights, won’t give them a permit, leads to bloody sunday - they were blocked by state troops, attacked, becomes assault ot break up protest - attracts attention, thousands come to complete second march - visibility starts to change minds, leads to significant changes

National voting rights act of 1965 - says no more literacy tests, allows federal government to step in in states and take over voting registration - major shift

24th amendment - no poll taxes

Alternate view of civil rights - malcolm x - changed his last name to not be close to slavery, father died, exposed to islam in prison and converts to islam, believed he may need violence for civil rights, active in nation of islam, believed in separation of races (not segregation) and “black power”, splits with nation after hajj now believes races can live together, assassinated in 1965

Black panthers - reject integration, “black power”, achievement of goal, class struggle of maoism as foundation - violence may be necessary part of revolution, led by bobby seale and huey newton

Race riots - watts, newark, detroit, black impatience combined with lingering poverty and vietnam, leads to unrest

King’s assassination - king in memphis in support of striking sanitation workers, shot on balcony of hotel, james earl ray convicted

Modern civil rights - swann v. charlotte-mecklenburg board of education -

De facto segregation - by fact/reality, based upon circ*mstances, just kind of happens

De jure - created as result of law

Court had already outlawed de jure segregation, but there wasn’t integration (de facto neighborhoods even if it doesn’t have to be, as a result schools stay kind of segregated) - to end de facto segregation, “bussing” can be ordered - would move students to different schools to create integration, neither community wanted it, only where there was de jure previously, court ordered that where there was de jure they could force integration, cities see people move away to get away from bussing

Redlining - not intentional at first, came from federal housing administration that gave money for mortgages, separated areas about likelihood to pay back loans, red areas were high risks, banks would see it and decide not to loan in that area, property values go down, many redlined have high levels of people of color, has racial impact and institutionalized poverty - illegal now

Racism and hatred today - white supremacists, confederate sympathizers, kkk, american nazi party

13 - Cold War Begins

Cold war begins - struggle between US and russia, spread of communism, churchill says “iron curtain” splitting communist and noncommunist countries

Europe following end of wwII - yalta conference - said they would have election in every country within 1 year about their government, soviets join pacific war, soviets to join UN, most of europe devastated by combat/aerial bombardment - communism looks good when things are bad, areas under soviet control have little chance of noncommunist government, all o the allies except US are economically devastated - “economic chaos”, strong communist movement in france, socialists active in great britain, spain, italy

Harry s truman - becomes vp almost by default, kind of aware fdr wouldn’t survive, astute observer, recognizes stalin could not be trusted at potsdam conference, stalin’s violation of yalta, soviet forces occupying eastern europe and not following agreement - no free election in poland, begun to construct barriers along border

Nuremberg trials - were no international laws on war crimes, extent of holocaust couldn’t be ignored, decision made to go after nazi leadership - head nazis charged, invention of new crime - until then it could only be the kellogg-briand pact, basic defense was “following orders”, eventually 11 death sentences in first round

The marshall plan - was to lend money to rebuild, stop spread of communism, would give economic aid in europe if requested - knew with good economy people were less likely to turn to communism - the “catch” - all countries receiving aid must remove trade barriers - what’s in it for the US - markets to sell goods, strong economics and people working tend not to go to communism, to make US look good - serious congressional resistance, 25 billion spent

Truman doctrine - threat: insurgencies in greece and turkey threaten western governments, response - 400 million, insurrections put down - policy statement - said US would resist expansion of communism where it doesn’t already exist - containment - implies he won’t do anything about ussr - result: belief economic and military aid will end threat of communism in these countries and establish american policy for cold war

North atlantic treaty organization - nato - a defensive military alliance against communist countries, prevent war by alliances, noncommunist countries of n. America and Europe - an attack on one is an attack on all - (Washington's farewell address?)

Early cold war/post wwII - post war economic boom, concerns of another depression, 10 million soldiers come back home, reality: pent-up demand - people wanted stuff they couldn’t afford during the depression, couldn’t get new cars, homes, lack of consumer goods during war - people had extra money to spend - led to massive spending on consumer goods from money in banks during war, trying to meet new demands, ramp up factories, create jobs

GI bill of rights - assistance program for those leaving the military - allowed free college tuition - increased education in workforce, gave home, farm, and business loans, “baby boom” 78.3 million born - unprepared in schools, hospitals

“Modern life” in america - housing shortage, “suburbs” comes out of it - levittown of prefabricated homes that all look the same - efficiently producing homes, explodes into affordable modern housing, first organized housing development - had rules to keep towns uniform

Transportation - needed modern road system to live in suburbs, eisenhower sees german interstate, he decides to invest to create 4-lane highways - to move products efficiently, also for cold war and creates emergency airstrips in a nuclear exchange - constructing to move weapons systems - creates jobs and new industries like fast food and motels, had economic and military purpose

Berlin crisis - as a result of wartime conferences germany was divided into 4 zones - us, britain, france, ussr - berlin divided too in east germany

1948 - 3 western occupiers reunify into west germany - upsets stalin who wants to strip west germany of value like he did eastern europe, stalin wants germany weak and divided, on july 24 soviets cut ground, water, rr traffic, electricity - soviets cut off west berlin and assume will back out, 21 million in east berlin with supplies for a month

Western powers choices: do nothing and give up east berlin (truman doctrine says no), bluff and threaten with nuclear weapons, could march in troops, or try to supply by air - never been tried

The airlift “operation vittles” - around the clock aerial supply in all weather, by nov. a plane lands every 3 minutes, intended as temporary fix

Gail halvorson begins to fashion parachutes with candy and gum, spreads word, others begin to follow, drop tons of candy and toys to kids

After almost a year soviets end blockade - win non-conflict victory

During blockade nato formed: defensive alliance where attack on 1 is an attack on all - soon soviets begin warsaw pact

Crisis in asia -- post war china - resumption of civil war in china, ussr takes back manchuria from japan after wwii, many captured, creates place for mao to go and get resources and be protected - nationalists (chiang kai-shek) v. communists (mao zedong) - us backed nationalists, chiang kai-shek was corrupted - communists win nationalists relocate to taiwan - mainland was people’s republic of china, taiwan was republic of china - US reaction- we “lost” china, blamed truman administration, truman doctrine didn’t work

Aug. 1949 ussr explodes its first atomic bomb - US had shrunk size of military

Korea - “temporary” division along 38th parallel, between us and ussr, communist north v. noncommunist south, syngman rhee v. kim il sung

Road to war - sec. of state acheson makes a speech about american policy in east asia, says will defend japan, taiwan, and philippines from communists - leaves out s. Korea - 5 mo. later n. Korea invaded south - un meets to discuss - un security council has 5 permanent members with absolute vetoes - US brings resolution condemning aggression,passes while soviets were boycotting the UN because they didn’t recognize the people’s republic of china and recognized the republic of china as china (taiwan) - many nations provide help

Korean war - n. Korea invaded south, US unprepared, some civilians/refugees killed, almost all of s korea, douglas macarthur commands troops, by late summer national guard goes in, macarthur decides to land in inchon and cut off n, inchon has highest and lowest tide in world and was risky operation, success, n koreans collapse and in 3 weeks s korea liberated, us has commands not to cross 38th parallel but they do, start to see chinese volunteers, by nov. 200000 chinese troops attack, china crushes un resistance, macarthur trying to use nukes, by 1951 lines stabilize and becomes war of attrition, macarthur fired for talking about using nukes, truman criticized - becomes new type of war - limited war - not total war, winning has to be defined differently - is war done with limited purposes - knew we can’t completely win without nuclear weapons - not total victory - macarthur and eisenhower don’t understand - war ends in stalemate and ceasefire

14 - pretty much all the other stuff

Korean war legacy - eisenhower elected saying he’ll to go korea, with limited goals, after he takes office: threatens nuclear weapons, and stalin dies, leads to lessening of support in n korea

War technically didn’t end, ceasefire, agreement for demilitarization zone - dangerous territory, n korea has assassinated s korean leadership, many battles

Cold war heats up - us defensive policy - massive retaliation - if you do something to us, we respond with might - once soviet union gets bomb, MAD - mutually assured destruction - nuclear attack means both die

Mccarthyism - an intense fear, bordering on paranoia, of infiltration of communism into us and efforts fo communist party to overthrow government

Why? - cold war tensions, “losing” china, fighting in korea, soviet had atomic bomb early, possible infiltration of communists in government

What: communist spies had damaged us - alger hiss in state dept., very high up, went to yalta with fdr, ultimately investigated after former communist outs him, said hiss was passing photos hidden in pumpkins, his denies, put on trial for lying, went on so long they couldn’t charge for spying, but arrested for lying under oath, believe he was innocent until fall of soviet union - confirmed he was spy

Loyalty checks: began to have to prove people were unaffiliated with communist party - see laws against “disloyalty” - made it illegal to support overthrow of the government in favor of a dictatorship, house committee on un- american activities - charged with discovering people involved in activities against US - investigates hollywood - “hollywood 10” to find communists in hollywood - they refused to testify - arrested on contempt of court - blacklisted in hollywood after

Julius and ethel rosenburg - jewish, julius working in manhattan project, after soviets find bomb fbi investigates, david greenglass (ethel’s brother) named them after he was caught, julius doesn’t cooperate, typewriter matches typed atomic secrets, arrest ethel to put pressure on julius, prosecuted, convicted, death sentence for treason - left 2 young children, many blame them for korean war

Sen. joseph mccarthy - elected to congress, “tailgunner joe” the anticommunist, repeated accusations of communists in govt, makes speech and implies democrats let communists in govt 0 senate given absolute free speech inside senate, questioning at hearings causes backlash, censured in 1954 after attacks on army

Richard m. nixon - good with politics, eisenhower looking for somebody young and non communist, vp candidate, accused of taking money directly from supporters

Democrats try to hurt eisenhower by saying nixon’s corrupt - anti communist

Nixon decides to get major networks to broadcast him talking about how he loves his kids and stuff, as a result he stay on on ticket and saves career, “checkers speech”

Hungarian revolution - behind the iron curtain, Hungary decides they don’t want to be in the Warsaw Pact and kick out the communists, who were violently put down - what should policy be? - knew US entrance would mean war, US propaganda and radio stations encouraged overthrow, unofficially “you don’t cross line, we don’t cross line”, hungary wasn't that important to us

The suez crisis - egyptian leader nasser wanted to create pan-arab country, didn’t decide whose side he was on in the cold war, played both sides, wants canal over with nile, us volunteers to build, simultaneously accepts military aid from ussr, us finds out and backs out, egypt responds by taking suez canal (run by uk and france) because revenue would pa from dam, the invade egypt and take back canal, nasser appeals to soviets union, threaten war with french and british, brings US in - eisenhower furious and didn’t know, calls them and tells them to withdraw

Eisenhower doctrine - says US will defend middle east from communist aggression -- expands on truman doctrine

New soviet leadership - nikita khrushchev - after stalin dies they try to share power, nikita ran communist party, ukrainian

Eisenhower proposes open skies - you can put planes here, fly over and make sure other side isn’t preparing for nuclear war - soviets reject completely - movement to try and build relationship, peaceful coexistence and “kitchen debate”, invitation to trave to other nations and exchange cultures - nikita says he wants to go to a farm and disneyland, no disneyland but bbq on farm, nixon goes to moscow, goes on tour of typical american home, ‘kitchen debate” in kitchen of home, argue about house not being middle-class

Sputnik - soviets launch first manmade object into orbit, shakes up US who thought they were ahead, US panic - losing technology race? - space race begins, US investment in education to “catch up” - while american kids were listening to rock n roll, communist kids were in school - soviets later launched larger sputnik 2, put dog in space and died immediately

Space race - scared of sputnik technology used for missiles, intercontinental ballistic missiles - icbm - to attach nuclear weapon on missiles, takes away time between decision and drop - gives US president sole authority over nuclear arsenal - once icbm is launched its gone - no going back

Leads to idea of brinkmanship - becomes part of US foreign policy - pushing enemy to see how far you can go

U-2 crisis - back to eisenhower’s open skies, denied, in 1960 cia comes up with most advanced plane - u-2 spy plane, goes fast and takes pictures - takes pictures of ussr, get vial information - eventually cia agent francis gary powers plane shot down, powers survives, eisenhower caught in lie, soviets cancel diplomatic summit - close to good relationship with soviets, go into election year looking for new president

Election of 1960 - kennedy (d) vs. nixon ®, tight election, irregularities, much voter fraud - kennedy's biggest problem: he’s catholic, nixon’s lack of understanding of tv hurt him

Jfk had makeup, nixon not coached on what to do, jfk did - jfk had visual appeal - first real tv campaign, jfk wins in one of the closest elections

Kennedy’s inexperienced - brinkmanship still going

Soviets explode largest bomb in world - tzar bomba - used only for intimidation

Kennedy and khrushchev - after insurgency in cuba, fidel castro emerges as leader, communist

Bay of pigs - flawed plan to create uprising and overthrow castro, cia thinks cuban people will join - not secret, everyone knows about it, castro knew it was coming, capture all us - makes kennedy look weak

Berlin wall - east germans build barriers all around east berlin

Cuban missile crisis - castro in power 1959, us threats and actions against communist government, castro letting soviets bring weapons in - u-2s observe offensive nuclear weapons - almost operational

Kennedy lied to by foreign minister - options: do nothing, diplomacy (pull US missiles out of turkey in exchange, kennedy didn’t want appeasem*nt), air strike, full invasion, “quarantine” - goes with that

Kennedy goes on tv, tells about missiles, announces quarantine of offensive weapons - stop incoming ships, check for weapons, move on

Ussr denies missiles, present evidence at un security council

Soviets ships with parts approaching, US navy ordered to stop them - US at defcon 2 (defensive condition, 5 best 1 worst - highest state of preparedness before nuclear war)

U-2 plane shot down over cuba, at last minute ussr ships turn away

Reach deal, if us promises not to attack, ussr removes missiles, and us quietly removes missiles in turkey

Kennedy and vietnam - jfk increases us advisors to s vietnamese army to deal with communist insurgency - started during eisenhower - jfk didn’t want to lost another country like china - “domino theory” if one country falls to communism, others will follow - at time of death kennedy had doubts about continuing effort - accelerated american commitment in vietnam

Programs and initiatives - peace corps - service, help spread nice americanism around world, cold war politics to look good to developing countries

Atmospheric nuclear test ban theory - both sides attempt to de escalate and protect environment - cant test in atmosphere or water or space

Nasa commitment - land on the moon by decade’s end

Assassination - 11/22/63 - kennedy preparing for election, he wasn’t really popular in south, travels to southern states as candidate - in dallas to get support for party - shot in limousine - 4th president assassinated, vp johnson becomes president - warren commission investigated, released warren report - one shooter, no evidence of conspiracy - oswald arrested, killed by jack ruby while moving jails

Vietnam - french experience - “indochina” was french colony, conquered by japan in 1941, in ‘45 ho chi minh declared independence, his speech uses entire sections of declaration of independence - ho is “labeled” communist - truman was unwilling to support french regaining asia - french said if they weren’t backed they wouldn’t support containment measures - for 9 years french fight against viet minh, US givers support to french: men, intelligence, transport - domino theory

Dien bien phu - end of french colonial interest in se asia - french try to fight unconventional war, “hedgehog” forward bases supported by air, use base at dien bien phu, isolated base supported by high ground with 1 road, viet minh surprise french by putting artillery on surrounding hills, 2 month siege, end of french colonial rule by bad military planning, french driven from se asia

Geneva accords - establishes full french withdrawal, temporary division of vietnam at 17th parallel, recombine and elect government 1 year later

N vietnam under ho chi minh, s vietnam under ngo dinh diem

Diem cancels elections because minh would have won, in north communists identify bourgeoisie, redistribute land, any diem supporters in north in camps, diem knew no fair and free election would happen

Seato - southeast asia treaty organization - attack on 1 is on all - s vietnam, australia, s korea, philippines, etc.

Viet cong - south vietnamese communists - guerilla organization in south - later nlf, orders from n vietnam, ununiformed peasants

Strategic hamlet program - diem shows preferences to catholics, not buddhists - monks killed themselves in protest against diem’s govt

Program - s attempts to fortify certain villages/hamlets, compels people to leave their land, live in fortified hamlets, effective in limiting viet cong, turns people against diem

Increased us involvement - begins with eisenhower, expanded by kennedy

Diem overthrown by coup d'etat, killed - kennedy knew it was going to happen - from this point s vietnam will not have strong govt, found out viet cong infiltrated govt and military

Direct us involvement - johnson had no intention of leaving vietnam

Gulf of tonkin incident - while us naval vessel is observing,s vietnam invading on coast, n vietnam think us involved, uss maddox attacked by torpedoes, 2 days later second attack reported, opens fire on probably phantom attack - 1 confirmed attack - johnson reports to congress 2 separate attacks, asks authorization to respond

Gulf of tonkin resolution - gives johnson power to do anything necessary to prevent communism - “blank check” to have war

Escalation - operation rolling thunder - 3 year air campaign, heavily bomb vietnam

Johnson doesn’t want to bring china and russia in,d on’t have troops/attack near borders

Us troops introduced and begin operations - danang

N vietnam willing to accept casualties

1968 - year of turmoil - johnson wants good public campaign, make it look better, public opinion slipping - lack of support

Tet offensive - holiday, 24 hour truce, supposed to have, ho wants successful invasion, begins tet offensive, major nva and viet cong offensive, saigon - vc in us embassy (and on tv) “living room war” - public sees violence and opinion turns

Hue - capital, month long combat, results in destruction, nva took officials, military intellectuals to camps - died/executed khe sahn - marines cut out for almost a month (dien bien phu?)

Results of tet - overwhelming us/arvn victory, turning point in perspective of american commitment to war - almost wipe out vc

Perception - american public sees as defeat because of media coverage

My lai - weeks after tet, bad commander, in my lai they see it was vc village, lt. Calley orders massacre, only stopped by us helicopter, left behind hundreds dead - covered up, only came out after soldiers get out, calley charged with murder - nixon pardons

Anti-war groups use as evidence of unjust war

Domestic policies - lbj runs for democratic vote, wins closely, withdraws - vietnam war ended lbj’s political career - bobby kennedy enters election - democratic party split over vietnam

Assassinations - mlk jr by james earl gray, bobby kennedy (almost gained nomination) by sirhan sirhan

Democratic party is disarray again

Summer of protests - democratic national convention in chicago - anti-war movement focuses on democrats, chicago controlled by political machine, protestors violently clash with police and enter convention hall

(will nominate hubert h. humphrey)

Protests against war - anti-war and race riots, many ask: is country falling apart?

Election of 1968 - humphrey - tries to be moderate, peace

Nixon - continue war but has plan

nixon/someone in his administration makes contact with s vietnam, says they don’t want hubert humphrey, gets s vietnam to not negotiate to stall until election - johnson knew, nixon denied it, lbj can’t do anything, nixon elected

Vietnamization - gradual shift of responsibility for fighting war from us to s vietnam, begins gradual decrease of number of troops

Nixon years - vietnam - the phoenix program - cia runs program of targeting vc leaders, includes assassinations and abduction - almost completely destroys vc - congress doesn’t back up and cancels invasion of cambodia to destroy vc sanctuaries and supply routes - protestors burn (accidentally ?) building at kent state, national guard comes in, marches into protest, open fire on crowd, kills 4

10 days later at jackson state by police, kills 2

End in vietnam - “linebacker” - intense bombing of north to end nva offensive

“Linebacker II” - christmas bombing - intense bombing to bring north to bargaining table in paris

Treaty of paris - ends war from us perspective calls for complete withdrawal of us troops - but not communists in south, future elections to reunify, return of pows

S vietnam doesn’t like it, nixon promises us will defend if nv breaks peace

2 years later final nva assault leads to fall of saigon in 6 weeks

Results - reunified vietnam under communism, ~10% of vietnamese, laotians, cambodians killed, more than 58,000 americans killed - domino theory?

Social unrest - the “beat” generation - rejecting ‘50’s culture - beats - group of writers who publish that reject 50/60’s consumer culture “beatniks”

Personal freedom/social responsibility - first birth control pill - not dependent on men, women, control their lives

Silent spring by rachel carson - says abuse of environment is causing wave of extinction in species - nuclear fallout/testing, ddt (pesticide, destroyed pests/bedbugs) - stays in environment - toxins gather in birds, face extinction - carson founder of modern environmentalism

Anti-war movement - wealth v poor, sds - students for democratic society

Counterculture - cults, drugs

Modern feminism - the feminine mystique - betty friedan - housewife experience, unfulfillment - equal rights amendment, national women’s political caucus

Social and economic equality movements - stonewall riots - origins of gay rights movement

Latino community - migrant workers, native americans, asian americans

Johnson’s great society - social justice, affirmative action - preferences to minority groups - includes civil rights

Job corp - training poor for jobs, volunteers in service to america, head start (pre-k education), medicare and medicaid (care for elderly, aid the poor) - controversial as to whether it worked - war on poverty

National endowments for humanities and arts - funds cultural involvement

Nixon legacy - cold war politics - detente - “release from tension”

Why? - fear of nuclear war, fear of isolation by other two powers (china and ussr) - 3 major powers, nixon trying to exit vietnam and restrict nuclear weapons

SALT - strategic arms limitation talks - first real attempt to limit nukes, agree to number of nuclear launchers - doesn’t reduce, just limits - doesn’t limit warheads

MIRV - multiple independent reentry vehicles - multiple warheads on 1 launcher

ABM treaty - anti-ballistic missile - no defenses except for 1 on each side, agree not to deploy defense system - each side pick 1 area - moscow and grand forks nd - if either side realizes enemy has full defense they could strike - concern that it encourages more nukes - us withdraws in 2002

Visits - nixon to china 1972 - china was isolated, no trade relations, nixon shows up, begin ping-pong diplomacy - ping pong teams trade

Nixon “opens” china

Nixon to moscow 1972 - wants to make us relationship good for other countries in order to win in vietnam

Brezhnev in washington 1973

Economics - oil crisis in 1973 - arab nations attack israel (yom kippur war), israel regroups with support of us and west europe, israel wins - OPEC (oil producing countries try to control oil) punishes countries by shutting off oil to us and west. Europe - inflation

Result of opec embargo after middle east war - gas prices explode, gas lines and price increases, decided they would keep daylight savings to save energy, nixon ordered price freeze to not raise prices - doesn’t work, prices go up

Us auto industry gets hammered, demand for fuel efficient cars - from japan

Stagflation - time period of high inflation and unemployment during low/no economic growth - how do you get out?

Watergate - greatest political scandal in us history, president violates law and resigns from office - break in at democratic national headquarters to spy on candidate mcgovern’s campaign, working for committee to reelect president, decides to obstruct investigation, burglars caught and cover up begins - reporters connect to CREP, then attorney general, congress finds out there’s recordings, president can block executive stuff from other branches, supreme court ruled executive privilege doesn’t cover everything, congress finds nixon knew, aug. 1974 nixon resigns from office - ford, new president, pardons him - woodward and bernstein were the reporters

Carter years - ford and republican party left wounded, ford almost wins reelection, also collapse in saigon during his term

Carter’s foreign policy - camp david accords - to bring peace to middle east, invites israel and egypt presidents, reach agreement for egypt to get territory back (sinai peninsula), peace between two, israel recognized as sovereign nation

Panama canal - to returned to panama 12/31/1999, treaty allows us to defend if it threatened - to fix relations with sa

SALT II - limits both launchers and warheads, not ratified by the senate because: soviet invasion of afghanistan, carter pulls treaty from senate

Both sides see salt II, unofficially agree to follow even though not a legal treaty, carter boycotts moscow olympics

Iran hostage crisis - wanted to have good relationship with iran because on soviet border, 1979 students storm us embassy (sovereign territory of us), took 100 americans hostage, 52 held for 444 days, wanted president back to try him - became obsessed with notion of american hostages - filed attempt to rescue them, infuriates iranians, makes them split up hostages - during election year, marks carter look bad - released jan. 20 1981 (reagan’s inauguration) - us still doesn’t have diplomatic relations with iran

Carter’s domestic policy - energy crisis - middle east tensions and harsh weather threatens supply, arter encourages conservatism - almost worse than ‘73, gas stations ran out of gas, gas lines became common

1980: inflation - 13.5%, unemployment - 7.1%, interest rates - 18%

Carter faces reelection at bad time

Three mile island - problem with nuclear device, accident leads to release of some radiation, people turn against nuclear power

Affirmative action - increasing representation/opportunities of groups traditionally discriminated against

U. of california v. bakke - claimed reverse discrimination, affirmative action discriminated against majority, goes to supreme court, rules quotas are illegal but race can be taken into account for admissions purposes

Carter loses in one-sided election of 1980 by reagan

The reagan years - rise of conservatives - landslide over carter, high unemployment, inflation, carter's foreign policy left him vulnerable - reagan was former actor, former governor, anti-communist, understands and uses media

Assassination attempt - john hinckley shoot reagan, 4 others to impress jodie foster - found not guilty by reason of insanity - reagan barely survives - believes there’s reason - to end communism

Economics - “Reaganomics” - supply side (“trickle down”): cut taxes on all to stimulate the economy - it favors the rich - does it work?

Increased defense spending

Result of reaganomics - explosion of deficits (national debt from 800 bil to 4 tril in 12 years)

The “new right” and new conservatism - emergence of strong, conservative groups, reaction to perceived excesses of ‘60’s and ‘70’s (sexual revolution, etc.), idea of “too much govt. Intervention” - dominant aspect of republican party

1984 election - reagan/bush v. mondale/ferraro (first woman on major party ticket), landslide by reagan - moment when they thought democrats would not get presidency in foreseeable future, emergence of “reagan democrats”, southerners against direction of liberalism, vote democrat except form presidency

Iran-contra affair - weapons sold to iran to funnel profits to anti-communists in marajua, money goes to contras in nicaragua - reagan trying to release hostages while supporting contras, violates congressional actions

Nasa decides to put civilians on space crews to create interest

Challenger incident - set up tvs in schools because they sent 2nd grade teacher - exploded, 7 killed, million of children watching - reagan holds national funeral

Cold war comes to an end - reagan’s view of ussr - good vs evil, “evil empire” speech - if its evil, end it

Strategic defense initiative - space-based defense, said defensive shield is more moral, mocked as “star wars”, doesn’t violate ABM treaty until deployed - cost of research expensive - we afford, ussr can’t (their economy was in trouble, have no choice but to stay in arms race - reagan attempts to destroy soviet union)

Reagan and gorbachev - both knew soviet economy was in trouble - glasnost and perestroika - allowing more free speech and some market reform to restructure economy

Gorbachev = new type of soviet leader?

Chernobyl - 1986, worst nuclear accident in history - don't have common safety systems - the core melted, texplosion and spread of radioactivity - in ukraine - will not be inhabitable for 100 years

Reykjavik, iceland - meeting, want to de escalate in europe, gorbachev offers nuclear disarmament (completely rid of nuclear weapons) in exchange for end to SDI

INF treaty - bans intermediate range missiles, takes out of europe and other places

Fall of communism - 1988 czech anti communist demonstrations not resisted, 1989 soviets withdraw from afghanistan, free elections in poland - noncommunists take over with no response - expensive to send in military - aug. hungary opens its borders, fall - pro democracy demonstrations in east germany - all of a sudden - nov. 9 berlin wall torn down, by end of year bulgaria and romania non-communist

Dec. 1991 soviet union dissolved itself - communist party by free election

George h.w. Bush - vp under reagan, makes pledge for no new taxes - decides to compromise with democrats, reeks new right and makes republican party turn against him

Cold war ends - signs START with russia - reduces nuclear arsenals, limited to 1600 delivery vehicles and 6000 warheads - follow up START II never in force

Now no nuclear treaty between us, russia pulled out of all

Persian gulf war/desert shield/storm - aug. 1990 - iraq invades kuwait after “mixed” us signals - kuwait considered rouge province, kuwait was slant drilling for oil, invasion, take over kuwait, us and allies form coalition after un calls for iraq withdrawal - arab league also condemns iraq’s action - makes saudi arabia nervous, meet to defend saudi and get iraq out of kuwait - attack on israel by iraq to break up alliance, bush gets israel to not retaliate

Us troops go into Saudi Arabia - led by gen. H norman schwarzkopf - said it would be “mother of all battles” - saddam hussain threatens massive us deaths, defenses among oil fields

Jan. 17 1991 - air campaign begins, wipes out iraqi weapons

Feb. 25 1991 - 100 hours ground campaign - use gps to get through desert - iraq loses 1000 tanks - removed ira form kuwait

Aftermath - out of kuwait, iraq agrees to destroy wmds under inspection, kuwait devastated

Changes how other countries approach us - had largest conventional army - iraq had advanced soviet tech, other countries see they need nuclear/chemical/biological weapons to compete

1992 - bush begins humanitarian mission to somalia, economy turns bad - despite popularity after desert storm, economy wins out - along comes bill clinton

The clinton years - gays in the military - new rule: don’t ask don’t tell - not a problem if it stays a secret

The branch davidians - cult group, led by david koresh, doomsday cult, were amassing weapons, ATF (fed. govt.) raid leads to deaths and 51 day siege, ends in fire after cult fought back, 80 cultists killed - makes clinton administration look bad, feeds conspiracy theorists

New threat: terrorism - ap. 19 1995 - bombing of murrah federal building in okc, bomb in car takes out front of building, childcare facility hit

Tanzania and kenya embassies bombed and targeted by islamic group al qaeda - kills many locals

Uss cole - suicide bombing in yemen, kills 17

Accusations against clinton - sexual harrassment, infidelity, etc.

Sex scandals and impeachment - lawsuit filed for sexual harassment while clinton was arkansas goernor, clinton gives desposition, he lies under oath and denies rumors

Opposing attorney asks if he had relations with monica lewinsky, under oath he denies, physical evidence found that he did, he lied under oath, faced impeachment for perjury, house votes to impeach, senate doesn’t get ⅔ vote to prosecute

Other clinton events - war in the balkans - nato trying to stop wars

Columbine shootings 4/20/1999 - most horrific school shooting - part of culture war issue, gun safety becomes relevant issue

Long period of economic expansion, no recession - debate over whether its because of tax cuts/supply side

The 2000s - election of 2000 - george bush ® v al gore (d)

Election one of the closest in history, networks “call” election for gore then bush then change their minds again - came down to florida - ballot confusion

Bush v. gore - go to courts to decide - electoral college must meet before december - lawsuit filed, bush said they needed to recount all ballots - equal protection clause - gore said only problem places should be recounted - supreme court says recount for all but no time left - al gore said to stop recounts - bush certified winner in florida by 500 votes out of 6 million - leaves people unhappy - president of snake oversees results, objections when they got to florida - al gore was pres. Of senate, he ignored objections

9/11 2001 - moment when us moves out of naivete - caught unprepared, osama bin laden and al qaeda

Bush doctrine - treats nations that support terrorists as enemies, says will carry out preemptive attacks on threats against the us

In afghanistan after 9/11, to fight al qaeda and operation enduring freedom

Taliban - in power, allied with al qaeda - instituted harsh, fundamentalist islamic law, nato forces invade following 9/11

Operation iraqi freedom - purpose: enforce un resolutions and destroy wmds

Believed they had nukes because saddam suggested he did - to hold off iran

Month long operation ends saddam’s regime

AP US History Notes Notes | Knowt (2024)

References